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[Music]

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[Music]

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quite honest trade customer that never

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seen so many nobles they were n boys

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from the National Assembly in Moscow

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come to beg the great nun Martha to

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allow her son to take his rightful place

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as the next Czar of Russia

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[Music]

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Michael Romano is the only one who

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hadn't stained his cocaine during the

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Time of Troubles he was their only hope

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if he refused

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Aniki would return Russia they said

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could not endure such grief again

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[Music]

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[Music]

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in 1598 is our Fyodor son of Ivan the

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Terrible died childless he was the last

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of the Rurik dynasty rulers of Russia

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for more than 700 years

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his younger brother Dmitri had died

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seven years earlier in suspicious

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circumstances the National Assembly

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elected Boris Godunov as the next saw

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wood arrival soon emerged an imposter

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claiming to be the last czars dead

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younger brother this so-called false

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dmitri seized the throne and married the

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polish noblewoman Larina mashek within a

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year the false Dmitri was slain in a

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palace coup and marina fled Moscow in

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exile she recognized a second false

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dmitri as her husband and bore him a son

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even

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[Music]

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Russia was leaderless and Sweden and

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Poland took advantage of her weakness

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attacking on two fronts Russia lost

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Corellia Novgorod and Smolensk amid the

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anarchy and devastation only 10% of

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Russian lands were still being farmed

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famine and fear stormed the land without

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a strong legitimate ruler it seemed the

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Russian state would soon cease to exist

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[Music]

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towards the end of the brutal winter of

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1613 delegates of the country's National

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Assembly traveled to Moscow where they

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would decide the fate of the motherland

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[Music]

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the Zemke sabor or National Assembly was

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Russia's Parliament of the 16th and 17th

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centuries brought together to advise on

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the most important political issues in

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1613 the Assembly had about 1,000

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delegates drawn from the nobility clergy

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merchants and free townsman the decisive

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vote was held on March 3rd after lengthy

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debate the sixteen-year-old Michael

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Romanov was elected Tsar Michael's

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father was Fyodor Nikita - Romanov

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cousin of Tsar Feodor the son of Ivan

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the Terrible this gave him a strong

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claim to the throne when Boris

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Goodenough took the throne he saw

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Michael's father as a potential threat

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and forced him to become a monk under

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the name of Phil aret Michael's mother

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zenya became a nun taking the name

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Martha Villa retros to the rank of

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Bishop was imprisoned by the poles while

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on a diplomatic mission his polish

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captors didn't bother to inform him that

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his son had been made Tsar of Russia

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[Music]

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the people of Moscow meanwhile were

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informed at the National Assembly's

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decision through public announcements in

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Red Square michael feodorovich Romanov

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it was declared was the new sovereign of

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the Grand Duchy of Muscovy and Czar of

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all the Russia's

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[Music]

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Michael had grown up amid the 15 year

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anarchy known as the Time of Troubles

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when he was just four he was taken from

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his parents and sent to the country

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later his mother came to take Michael

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back and together they went to live a

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quiet life in the apat EF monastery 200

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miles northeast of Moscow

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[Music]

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hoarse and exhausted ambassadors bearing

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the holy icon of Our Lady of sin Fyodor

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spent hours persuading the Romanoff's to

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accept power

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finally he consented

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[Music]

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after many years of lawlessness and

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violence a new Tsar ascended to the

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Russian throne michael feodorovich

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Romanov founder of the Romanov dynasty

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by God's will

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Tsar and ruler of all Russia

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[Music]

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the coronation of czar Michael the first

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was held on July 22nd 1613

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[Music]

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chapter one Michael the first

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feodorovich there was no going back for

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Michael Romanov he ascended the steps of

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the Cathedral of the Assumption the son

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of a noble and descended them as czar

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the state he was to rule was on the

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verge of collapse

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so the Youngs are followed his intuition

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and ruled not as an autocrat but in

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consultation with his advisors on his

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initiative the National Assembly which

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had formally met once every few years

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began to meet more regularly to offer

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him advice

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despite the expectations of many Michael

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didn't become a puppet of the noble

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factions at court

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he remained his own man biding his time

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when one Dutch visitor suggested that

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Michael should take firm measures

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against his enemies he answered don't

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you know that our Russian bears never

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hunt in the first year of life they only

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hunt when they are older Michael faced

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three rival claimants to the throne to

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the north a Swedish King Carl Philip to

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the west the Polish Prince Vlad Aswath

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and in the south a three year old even

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son of marina Manisha and the second

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false dmitri the boys claim was upheld

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by three thousand cossacks led by the

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adventurer even Zaretsky but their

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followers soon deserted their cause and

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he and the boy were handed over to the

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tsar soldiers and brought to Moscow to

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meet their fate the executions took

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place in front of a huge crowd by the

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city's Surikov gate the Dutch traveller

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Elias hitman remembered it for the rest

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of his life

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zorroski was impaled on a stake then

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Dimitri's son was brought out the

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snowstorm was blowing wet snow slapping

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the boy on the face he kept asking where

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are you taking me

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those carrying the child kept him calm

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and brought him like a lamb to the

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slaughter to the gallows poor boy was

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hanged as a thief the Tsar's enemies

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could have used the boy to foment Civil

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War

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costing Russia back into the Time of

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Troubles Michael would take any measure

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no matter how brutal to prevent that

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anarchy had been avoided but war seemed

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inescapable Swedish troops were

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besieging the scoff three hundred and

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sixty miles west of Moscow Michael

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ordered his diplomats to negotiate peace

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at any price in 1617 the Treaty of stub

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off was signed and the city of Novgorod

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and surrounding lands were returned to

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Russia the next threat was a Polish army

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advancing on Moscow led by Prince Vlad

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Aswath in person the poles reached the

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walls of the Kremlin itself the Citadel

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at the heart of the city

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[Music]

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Russian spies learned that the poles

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were digging a mine under the power back

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gate but the Tsar ignored the pleas of

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his advisers and refused to abandon the

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city

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weighing on his mind was not just the

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fate of the city but a personal dilemma

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polls still held his father prisoner

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ichael knew if he left Moscow he would

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lose the throne if he lost the throne he

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would never see his father again on

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December 1st 1618 Poland and Russia

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signed the troops of Delina region from

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the asthma teacher knock-off was

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returned but many issues remained

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unresolved Smolensk remained under

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Polish control and Prince Vlad Aswath

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refused to renounce his claim to the

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Russian throne

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[Music]

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but Russia was exhausted by war it

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desperately needed peace a breathing

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space and time to rebuild however the

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treaty was a personal triumph for

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Michael under its terms all prisoners

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taken during the Time of Troubles were

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to be returned amongst them

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his father it was nine years since their

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separation

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Michael had always looked up to his

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father and tried to emulate him now he

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was finally to be reunited with this

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legendary figure the Metropolitan Bishop

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Villa ret

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[Music]

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the father could see that his son had

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become a real Tsar of Russia God's

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chosen ruler ten days later the Tsar

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made his father patriarch of Moscow the

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head of the Russian Orthodox Church from

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henceforth they would rule together as

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father and son the influence of the

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Tsar's mother the once all-powerful

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great nun Martha began to wane she no

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longer had any say in affairs of state

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and had less and less access to her son

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the Tsar was now in his twenties four

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grown man

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accordingly it was announced that by

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God's will the great rulers are Michael

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had reached the age of adulthood and the

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time had come for him to take a wife

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[Music]

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the Czar's mother had found a bride for

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her son but Michael made his own

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decision years ago during his exile he

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had fallen in love with masha clop of

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her the daughter of one of his Guardians

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and promised to marry only her

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the Tsar's decision was announced that

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his bride-to-be was found rooms within

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the palace the seljuq Hoff brothers

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relatives of the Tsar's mother were put

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in charge of her safety but just before

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the wedding Masha

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suddenly fell dangerously ill the palace

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was alive with rumor and suspicions the

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soldier coughs summoned the best foreign

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doctors who announced that a terrible

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disease was devouring the royal bride

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from within and no cure was possible

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[Music]

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people were soon whispering that the

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Tsar's mother was behind it because she

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was opposed to the marriage

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[Music]

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in any event masher eventually recovered

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only to be exiled to Siberia for

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apparently concealing an illness from

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the Tsar's advices an investigation

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later concluded she'd been poisoned by

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the salty coughs who were dismissed from

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court but the whole affair put Michael

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off any thought of marriage for many

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years when czar Michael turned 28 his

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relatives began to worry without an heir

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the future of the dynasty was in doubt

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once more his mother had a candidate

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this time reluctantly Michael agreed to

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the match and was married to princess

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maria dal kuru cava

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[Music]

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but four months later Maria fell sick

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and died the cause never fully

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established after this latest disaster

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Michael dismissed his mother from any

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involvement in his marital affairs and

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instead arranged for the traditional

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election of a Russian royal bride the

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advice he received was to watch the

278
00:14:54,600 --> 00:15:01,080
girls carefully from afar appraising

279
00:14:56,970 --> 00:15:03,420
their aged complexion eyes and hair look

280
00:15:01,080 --> 00:15:06,270
for signs of injury or illness and

281
00:15:03,419 --> 00:15:09,360
ensure she's healthy in mind and kind by

282
00:15:06,269 --> 00:15:11,699
nature the tradition of electing a

283
00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:13,860
Tsar's bride was essentially a beauty

284
00:15:11,700 --> 00:15:17,730
contest involving thousands of

285
00:15:13,860 --> 00:15:19,710
candidates from noble families first

286
00:15:17,730 --> 00:15:22,320
royal officials sorted applicants on the

287
00:15:19,710 --> 00:15:27,600
basis of their height the size of head

288
00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:29,910
and size of feet then senior nobles and

289
00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:32,879
court doctors inspected the girls in the

290
00:15:29,909 --> 00:15:34,409
capital finally 10 to 20 of the most

291
00:15:32,879 --> 00:15:36,360
beautiful girls were brought to the

292
00:15:34,409 --> 00:15:41,370
court where they were introduced to the

293
00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:43,200
Tsar in person when Michael announced

294
00:15:41,370 --> 00:15:46,620
his decision his advisors were

295
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:49,259
speechless he chose F dakea stretch neva

296
00:15:46,620 --> 00:15:51,480
as his queen she hadn't even been in the

297
00:15:49,259 --> 00:15:53,370
contest she was the maid of one of the

298
00:15:51,480 --> 00:15:55,970
candidates and the daughter of a poor

299
00:15:53,370 --> 00:15:55,970
nobleman

300
00:15:57,769 --> 00:16:03,569
from bitter experience Azhar decided to

301
00:16:00,809 --> 00:16:05,489
handle all the arrangements himself the

302
00:16:03,570 --> 00:16:07,620
identity of his bride was kept a closely

303
00:16:05,490 --> 00:16:09,840
guarded secret and she was brought to

304
00:16:07,620 --> 00:16:11,679
the palace just three days before the

305
00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:13,850
wedding

306
00:16:11,679 --> 00:16:16,769
[Music]

307
00:16:13,850 --> 00:16:19,740
sir it'sa EV dakea the Russian

308
00:16:16,769 --> 00:16:22,980
Cinderella proved to be kind considerate

309
00:16:19,740 --> 00:16:25,919
and loving she bore Michael ten children

310
00:16:22,980 --> 00:16:29,039
who only four survived infancy three

311
00:16:25,919 --> 00:16:31,229
daughters and the son Alexei it was

312
00:16:29,039 --> 00:16:32,289
enough to ensure the dynasty would live

313
00:16:31,230 --> 00:16:45,870
on

314
00:16:32,289 --> 00:16:45,870
[Music]

315
00:16:51,110 --> 00:16:56,909
Michael and the land were at peace for a

316
00:16:55,500 --> 00:17:01,529
short while

317
00:16:56,909 --> 00:17:04,088
[Music]

318
00:17:01,529 --> 00:17:06,190
Michael was determined to reclaim

319
00:17:04,088 --> 00:17:06,849
Russian lands lost during the Time of

320
00:17:06,190 --> 00:17:11,700
Troubles

321
00:17:06,849 --> 00:17:11,699
it would mean war with Poland

322
00:17:12,818 --> 00:17:17,109
first he reorganized the army

323
00:17:14,880 --> 00:17:19,778
introducing new weapons and equipment

324
00:17:17,109 --> 00:17:21,428
based on developments in Europe in

325
00:17:19,778 --> 00:17:24,699
particular Michael learned from the

326
00:17:21,429 --> 00:17:26,230
Swedish army the strongest in Europe new

327
00:17:24,699 --> 00:17:29,470
regiments were formed with eight

328
00:17:26,230 --> 00:17:33,339
companies of 200 men each had 120

329
00:17:29,470 --> 00:17:35,440
musketeers and 80 pikemen new muskets

330
00:17:33,339 --> 00:17:37,538
were bought which weighed four kilograms

331
00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:40,288
instead of six so they could be fired

332
00:17:37,538 --> 00:17:40,288
without her support

333
00:17:42,390 --> 00:17:50,160
by 1632 10 new regiments had been formed

334
00:17:46,659 --> 00:17:52,580
with a strength of 17,000

335
00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:56,070
[Music]

336
00:17:52,579 --> 00:17:57,928
it was one thing to create a new army it

337
00:17:56,069 --> 00:18:00,389
was another to teach it how to win on

338
00:17:57,929 --> 00:18:02,880
the battlefield Russian forces were

339
00:18:00,390 --> 00:18:04,890
defeated outside Smolensk and after two

340
00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:08,970
years of war both sides sought a

341
00:18:04,890 --> 00:18:11,429
settlement the 1634 Treaty of Hualien of

342
00:18:08,970 --> 00:18:13,200
kur brought no territorial gains for

343
00:18:11,429 --> 00:18:15,059
Russia apart from the town of sip yes

344
00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:17,880
ceded by the Polish Lithuanian

345
00:18:15,058 --> 00:18:20,819
Commonwealth Russia also paid an

346
00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:22,679
indemnity of 20,000 rubles in exchange

347
00:18:20,819 --> 00:18:24,599
for which King wladis worth of Poland

348
00:18:22,679 --> 00:18:29,850
renounced his claim to the Russian

349
00:18:24,599 --> 00:18:31,788
throne Russia itself was gradually

350
00:18:29,849 --> 00:18:34,408
becoming a more prosperous society

351
00:18:31,788 --> 00:18:36,419
thanks to Michael's efforts English and

352
00:18:34,409 --> 00:18:39,120
Dutch specialists came to Russia to

353
00:18:36,419 --> 00:18:41,490
share their expertise they lived in the

354
00:18:39,119 --> 00:18:44,278
foreign districts of the big cities such

355
00:18:41,490 --> 00:18:48,349
as Moscow's famous German quarter and

356
00:18:44,278 --> 00:18:48,349
invested capital in local enterprises

357
00:18:49,638 --> 00:18:54,329
Russians refer to the Germans or often

358
00:18:52,470 --> 00:18:57,210
any foreigner as Nimitz

359
00:18:54,329 --> 00:19:00,740
from the Russian word nimoy meaning mute

360
00:18:57,210 --> 00:19:03,569
because they couldn't speak Russian

361
00:19:00,740 --> 00:19:06,000
in the tenth year of his reign Czar

362
00:19:03,569 --> 00:19:08,309
Michael invited English geologists to

363
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:10,829
investigate iron and copper ore deposits

364
00:19:08,309 --> 00:19:13,589
in the Ural Mountains eight years later

365
00:19:10,829 --> 00:19:16,460
the first state steelmaking plant was

366
00:19:13,589 --> 00:19:16,459
opened in the region

367
00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:20,909
[Music]

368
00:19:18,808 --> 00:19:23,940
twelve years after that a Dutch

369
00:19:20,909 --> 00:19:26,039
entrepreneur built an armory at Tula 100

370
00:19:23,940 --> 00:19:28,980
miles south of Moscow could still in

371
00:19:26,038 --> 00:19:30,480
operation today Russia soon began to

372
00:19:28,980 --> 00:19:33,980
export arms to some of the most

373
00:19:30,480 --> 00:19:33,980
developed countries in Europe

374
00:19:36,289 --> 00:19:39,639
[Music]

375
00:19:47,130 --> 00:19:51,949
[Music]

376
00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:56,809
the average wage at this time was 3

377
00:19:54,619 --> 00:20:00,439
kopeks a day for which one could buy

378
00:19:56,808 --> 00:20:03,349
three chickens or 45 eggs or one and a

379
00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:05,990
half kilos of salmon a sheepskin coat

380
00:20:03,349 --> 00:20:10,519
cost 50 kopecks for about 2 weeks wages

381
00:20:05,990 --> 00:20:13,759
a pair of boots was 10 days wages while

382
00:20:10,519 --> 00:20:19,730
a cow cost 2 rubles for about 2 months

383
00:20:13,759 --> 00:20:23,808
wages abroad Russian state was gaining

384
00:20:19,730 --> 00:20:26,360
greater influence in 1625 Shah Abbas the

385
00:20:23,808 --> 00:20:28,910
ruler of Persia sought to win favor by

386
00:20:26,359 --> 00:20:33,049
sending the patriarch of Russia a holy

387
00:20:28,910 --> 00:20:35,058
robe this sacred relic was believed to

388
00:20:33,049 --> 00:20:37,428
be the one worn by Christ before his

389
00:20:35,058 --> 00:20:40,220
crucifixion later taken by one of the

390
00:20:37,429 --> 00:20:42,650
Roman soldiers present patriarch filler

391
00:20:40,220 --> 00:20:44,779
at the Tsar's father ordained a week's

392
00:20:42,650 --> 00:20:48,440
fasting to mark its arrival before

393
00:20:44,779 --> 00:20:49,460
presenting the holy robe to the sick 67

394
00:20:48,440 --> 00:20:52,039
people were said to have been

395
00:20:49,460 --> 00:20:54,670
miraculously cured in the first six

396
00:20:52,039 --> 00:20:54,670
months alone

397
00:20:54,799 --> 00:21:00,389
[Music]

398
00:20:57,710 --> 00:21:03,090
robe itself was later placed in a

399
00:21:00,390 --> 00:21:04,919
Cathedral within the Kremlin today a

400
00:21:03,089 --> 00:21:06,899
part of the robe can be seen in the

401
00:21:04,919 --> 00:21:13,919
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in

402
00:21:06,900 --> 00:21:15,990
Moscow after the barbarism of the Time

403
00:21:13,919 --> 00:21:18,380
of Troubles the Romanov sought to

404
00:21:15,990 --> 00:21:20,849
nurture a cultural revival within Russia

405
00:21:18,380 --> 00:21:22,950
one of patriarch filler its first

406
00:21:20,849 --> 00:21:27,408
degrees was to restore the czars once

407
00:21:22,950 --> 00:21:27,409
vast library now largely destroyed

408
00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:33,359
scholars were sent to search for books

409
00:21:31,259 --> 00:21:35,908
in distant monasteries and to make

410
00:21:33,359 --> 00:21:38,500
copies of rare manuscripts and returned

411
00:21:35,909 --> 00:21:42,650
with them to Moscow

412
00:21:38,500 --> 00:21:42,650
[Music]

413
00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:48,259
just thirty years after the Time of

414
00:21:45,619 --> 00:21:50,209
Troubles Russia was back to the level of

415
00:21:48,259 --> 00:21:53,869
prosperity she'd enjoyed before the

416
00:21:50,210 --> 00:21:56,360
state had slid into Anarchy trade and

417
00:21:53,869 --> 00:22:00,229
productivity were on the rise people had

418
00:21:56,359 --> 00:22:04,299
enough to eat and felt safe it was an

419
00:22:00,230 --> 00:22:04,299
age of economic and political stability

420
00:22:05,769 --> 00:22:11,450
Tsar Michael had achieved the impossible

421
00:22:08,150 --> 00:22:13,780
and brought the Russian state back from

422
00:22:11,450 --> 00:22:13,779
the brink

423
00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:25,960
on July 12th 1645 Bazaar celebrated his

424
00:22:21,670 --> 00:22:28,330
49th birthday that morning after church

425
00:22:25,960 --> 00:22:31,779
Michael seemed to have a presentiment of

426
00:22:28,329 --> 00:22:34,119
his own approaching death he publicly

427
00:22:31,779 --> 00:22:36,490
forgave all those who had ever insulted

428
00:22:34,119 --> 00:22:41,199
or sinned against him and ordered a

429
00:22:36,490 --> 00:22:42,549
general amnesty for all prisoners on

430
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:45,460
coming home

431
00:22:42,549 --> 00:22:48,369
the first Romanoff's are of russia said

432
00:22:45,460 --> 00:22:51,220
goodbye to his wife and son and died

433
00:22:48,369 --> 00:23:06,808
peacefully later that day

434
00:22:51,220 --> 00:23:09,480
[Music]

435
00:23:06,808 --> 00:23:12,749
Russia mourned its much-loved ruler for

436
00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:14,669
three days many thousands from all ranks

437
00:23:12,749 --> 00:23:17,879
and walks of life came to pay their

438
00:23:14,669 --> 00:23:20,340
respects before his coffin services were

439
00:23:17,878 --> 00:23:38,548
held in his honor in all the churches of

440
00:23:20,339 --> 00:23:41,368
the land alexei mikhaylovitch

441
00:23:38,548 --> 00:23:43,079
michael's eldest son and heir was as

442
00:23:41,368 --> 00:23:45,509
young as his father had been when he

443
00:23:43,079 --> 00:23:47,368
ascended to the throne but the country

444
00:23:45,509 --> 00:23:51,240
he inherited had been utterly

445
00:23:47,368 --> 00:23:53,868
transformed famine civil war and

446
00:23:51,240 --> 00:23:57,970
destruction no longer stalked the land

447
00:23:53,868 --> 00:24:03,089
Russia was now stable and prosperous

448
00:23:57,970 --> 00:24:06,029
[Music]

449
00:24:03,089 --> 00:24:09,470
new ruler of this reinvigorated state

450
00:24:06,029 --> 00:24:13,740
tsar alexei was handsome intelligent

451
00:24:09,470 --> 00:24:17,430
virile and devout ahead they great

452
00:24:13,740 --> 00:24:21,809
victories and bloody revolts remarkable

453
00:24:17,430 --> 00:24:24,269
achievements and fatal mistakes alexei

454
00:24:21,809 --> 00:24:27,289
mikhaylovitch was destined to become one

455
00:24:24,269 --> 00:24:30,539
of Russia's most controversial rulers

456
00:24:27,289 --> 00:24:30,539
[Music]

457
00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:36,920
[Applause]

458
00:24:38,099 --> 00:24:43,129
chapter 2 Alexi the first Mikhaylovich

459
00:24:46,960 --> 00:24:52,519
the young czar was not overawed by his

460
00:24:50,029 --> 00:24:56,960
new responsibilities it was a role he

461
00:24:52,519 --> 00:24:59,019
prepared for since early childhood his

462
00:24:56,960 --> 00:25:01,370
education had begun at the age of six

463
00:24:59,019 --> 00:25:03,259
after learning the alphabet he was

464
00:25:01,369 --> 00:25:07,369
taught to read using stories from the

465
00:25:03,259 --> 00:25:10,400
Bible the Prince's household included 20

466
00:25:07,369 --> 00:25:13,069
stewards six teachers and 18 musicians

467
00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:16,490
as well as bodyguards acrobats and

468
00:25:13,069 --> 00:25:20,329
jesters when Alexei was seven he was

469
00:25:16,490 --> 00:25:25,309
given a set of miniature weapons an arc

470
00:25:20,329 --> 00:25:28,250
of us a bow and arrows swords armor made

471
00:25:25,309 --> 00:25:32,349
in Germany and musical instruments maps

472
00:25:28,250 --> 00:25:32,349
and engravings from Western Europe

473
00:25:32,500 --> 00:25:39,440
alexis chief Tudor was a nobleman named

474
00:25:35,180 --> 00:25:41,539
Boris Morozov he encouraged his pupil to

475
00:25:39,440 --> 00:25:46,400
broaden his outlook and introduced him

476
00:25:41,539 --> 00:25:48,680
to Western culture many Europeans were

477
00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:53,290
invited to the Tsar's court including

478
00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:53,289
interpreters diplomats and scholars

479
00:25:54,940 --> 00:26:00,470
Alexie's personal doctor an Englishman

480
00:25:57,890 --> 00:26:05,179
named Samuel Collins admired his patient

481
00:26:00,470 --> 00:26:07,630
greatly the Emperor is handsome and

482
00:26:05,179 --> 00:26:10,519
strongly built

483
00:26:07,630 --> 00:26:16,100
he has fair hair and doesn't shave his

484
00:26:10,519 --> 00:26:18,230
beard he is tall with noble bearing he

485
00:26:16,099 --> 00:26:21,259
can be cruel when angry but he is mostly

486
00:26:18,230 --> 00:26:24,740
kind and gentle he has an excellent

487
00:26:21,259 --> 00:26:29,148
memory and is devout one could name him

488
00:26:24,740 --> 00:26:31,278
among the most kind and wise rulers but

489
00:26:29,148 --> 00:26:33,589
for the cloud of advisors and Noble men

490
00:26:31,278 --> 00:26:42,349
who surround him and turn his good

491
00:26:33,589 --> 00:26:44,898
intentions to evil during the first

492
00:26:42,349 --> 00:26:48,019
years of his reign Alexei pursued many

493
00:26:44,898 --> 00:26:50,359
passions much of his time was spent

494
00:26:48,019 --> 00:26:55,370
visiting remote monasteries to perform

495
00:26:50,359 --> 00:26:56,599
acts of worship he also collected rare

496
00:26:55,369 --> 00:26:59,268
and exotic birds

497
00:26:56,599 --> 00:27:02,329
captain elk farm had experimented with

498
00:26:59,269 --> 00:27:06,069
new agricultural techniques he tried to

499
00:27:02,329 --> 00:27:09,859
grow melons almonds cotton and grapes

500
00:27:06,069 --> 00:27:13,210
but without doubt his greatest love was

501
00:27:09,859 --> 00:27:13,209
hunting with his Falcons

502
00:27:17,089 --> 00:27:23,399
the Czar owned no fewer than 3000

503
00:27:20,730 --> 00:27:28,230
Vulcanus each of which it was said he

504
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:31,259
knew by name his household included 100

505
00:27:28,230 --> 00:27:34,349
Falconer Zaveri drank paid between 6 and

506
00:27:31,259 --> 00:27:36,809
60 rubles a year not including bonuses

507
00:27:34,349 --> 00:27:39,179
all were members of the Department of

508
00:27:36,809 --> 00:27:42,000
secret Affairs which handled the czars

509
00:27:39,180 --> 00:27:44,549
amusements and private business the head

510
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:47,279
falconer avinasi Matus King was a

511
00:27:44,549 --> 00:27:49,200
Lexie's close friend the upkeep of the

512
00:27:47,279 --> 00:27:52,069
muse and hunting stables cost the

513
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:55,019
Treasury 75 thousand rubles a year

514
00:27:52,069 --> 00:27:57,960
equivalent about 10 million dollars

515
00:27:55,019 --> 00:28:00,139
today on the road the Tsar's hunting

516
00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:03,420
party was more than half a mile long

517
00:28:00,140 --> 00:28:05,780
first came 300 stewards mounted on

518
00:28:03,420 --> 00:28:08,850
richly decorated horses three abreast

519
00:28:05,779 --> 00:28:12,210
they were followed by 300 Guardsmen in

520
00:28:08,849 --> 00:28:16,309
crimson caftans five abreast in five

521
00:28:12,210 --> 00:28:16,309
hundred armored cavalry three abreast

522
00:28:16,849 --> 00:28:22,529
next came forty parade horses in

523
00:28:19,650 --> 00:28:25,170
ornately decorated harnesses followed by

524
00:28:22,529 --> 00:28:27,539
the reserved carriage horses and finally

525
00:28:25,170 --> 00:28:30,150
bazaar himself in his English carriage

526
00:28:27,539 --> 00:28:34,069
accompanied by courtiers and hangers on

527
00:28:30,150 --> 00:28:34,070
no more than a few dozen

528
00:28:35,250 --> 00:28:40,650
young Alexei was enjoying himself in a

529
00:28:37,529 --> 00:28:43,099
manner worthy of us are he left affairs

530
00:28:40,650 --> 00:28:45,960
of state to his tutor Boris Morozov

531
00:28:43,099 --> 00:28:48,719
but the nobles jealous of Morozov

532
00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:53,058
influence Birds the Czar to marry since

533
00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:53,058
a married man had no need of a tutor but

534
00:28:53,089 --> 00:29:01,769
Morozov was not to be so easily at

535
00:28:55,829 --> 00:29:04,019
manoeuvered when the Tsar expressed his

536
00:29:01,769 --> 00:29:07,700
desire to marry the greatest beauties

537
00:29:04,019 --> 00:29:07,700
were brought to him from across Russia

538
00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:12,960
he picked his favorite but when she was

539
00:29:11,250 --> 00:29:13,529
brought to him a second time in court

540
00:29:12,960 --> 00:29:15,870
clothes

541
00:29:13,529 --> 00:29:18,329
Morozov instructed the servant to tie

542
00:29:15,869 --> 00:29:22,048
her headscarf so tightly that the girl

543
00:29:18,329 --> 00:29:24,869
quickly fainted it was declared that the

544
00:29:22,048 --> 00:29:26,548
girl had fainting sickness to conceal

545
00:29:24,869 --> 00:29:29,609
this from the Tsar was a crime

546
00:29:26,548 --> 00:29:31,629
her father was exiled to Siberia and her

547
00:29:29,609 --> 00:29:33,019
family fell from favour

548
00:29:31,630 --> 00:29:35,970
[Music]

549
00:29:33,019 --> 00:29:37,710
marah's off an elderly widower then

550
00:29:35,970 --> 00:29:40,440
asked the Tsar to help him pick his own

551
00:29:37,710 --> 00:29:43,230
bride and introduced him to the mere /ca

552
00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:45,630
sisters Alexei fell in love with the

553
00:29:43,230 --> 00:29:48,870
eldest sister Maria and married her

554
00:29:45,630 --> 00:29:50,280
while Marisol married Anna young enough

555
00:29:48,869 --> 00:29:52,918
to be his granddaughter

556
00:29:50,279 --> 00:29:54,000
so strengthening further his ties to

557
00:29:52,919 --> 00:29:57,230
Alexei

558
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:57,230
[Music]

559
00:29:57,470 --> 00:30:03,089
Alexia's family life proved a source of

560
00:30:00,150 --> 00:30:05,700
great joy to him Maria was five years

561
00:30:03,089 --> 00:30:08,579
his senior which he proved a perfect

562
00:30:05,700 --> 00:30:11,130
match and ideals the Ritzer they lived

563
00:30:08,579 --> 00:30:17,309
together for 20 years and had 13

564
00:30:11,130 --> 00:30:22,470
children as ours gentle manners earned

565
00:30:17,309 --> 00:30:26,629
him the nickname the most quiet but his

566
00:30:22,470 --> 00:30:29,519
reign itself would prove anything but

567
00:30:26,630 --> 00:30:36,480
the clouds of war and revolt were

568
00:30:29,519 --> 00:30:38,279
gathering On June 1st 1648 Alexei and

569
00:30:36,480 --> 00:30:41,190
his court were returning to Moscow from

570
00:30:38,279 --> 00:30:42,720
the Trinity sand Sergius monastery when

571
00:30:41,190 --> 00:30:45,000
the procession reached the city gates

572
00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:47,759
they found the way blocked by a huge

573
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:49,170
crowd the people of the city had come to

574
00:30:47,759 --> 00:30:51,269
present a petition to the tsar

575
00:30:49,170 --> 00:30:53,850
complaining of the excesses of his

576
00:30:51,269 --> 00:30:56,069
bureaucrats but the Tsar refused to

577
00:30:53,849 --> 00:30:59,659
speak to them his guards drove them away

578
00:30:56,069 --> 00:30:59,659
and arrested the ringleaders

579
00:31:02,509 --> 00:31:06,859
the next day the Czar was returning from

580
00:31:04,789 --> 00:31:09,769
another monastery when he was again met

581
00:31:06,859 --> 00:31:11,990
by a huge crowd they pushed his guards

582
00:31:09,769 --> 00:31:15,319
aside broke through to the Czar's coach

583
00:31:11,990 --> 00:31:17,089
and seize control of the horses the 19

584
00:31:15,319 --> 00:31:22,039
year old alexei was face to face with

585
00:31:17,089 --> 00:31:24,168
his subjects for the first time despite

586
00:31:22,039 --> 00:31:26,298
being surrounded by an angry mob he

587
00:31:24,169 --> 00:31:28,250
remained calm he listened to their

588
00:31:26,298 --> 00:31:30,769
complaints and promised to stamp out

589
00:31:28,250 --> 00:31:34,990
government corruption and to dismiss all

590
00:31:30,769 --> 00:31:34,990
bribe takers and embezzlers from office

591
00:31:35,019 --> 00:31:40,200
top of their list with the Tsar's old

592
00:31:37,759 --> 00:31:44,019
tutor Boris mazzaroth

593
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:46,370
[Music]

594
00:31:44,019 --> 00:31:48,740
in the course of two years

595
00:31:46,369 --> 00:31:50,928
Morozov had amassed a huge personal

596
00:31:48,740 --> 00:31:54,288
fortune and made himself the second

597
00:31:50,929 --> 00:31:56,059
richest person in Russia as chief

598
00:31:54,288 --> 00:31:57,980
treasurer of the state he reduced

599
00:31:56,058 --> 00:32:00,440
spending by slashing the wages of all

600
00:31:57,980 --> 00:32:03,620
bureaucrats forcing many to accept

601
00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:05,570
bribes simply to survive he appointed

602
00:32:03,619 --> 00:32:08,388
friends and allies to offices of state

603
00:32:05,569 --> 00:32:11,089
but only after they paid him an enormous

604
00:32:08,388 --> 00:32:15,548
bribe but Mehra's offs most dangerous

605
00:32:11,089 --> 00:32:18,709
policy had been to raise the tax on salt

606
00:32:15,548 --> 00:32:21,558
salt was the universal food preservative

607
00:32:18,710 --> 00:32:23,419
when its price rose fourfold everyone

608
00:32:21,558 --> 00:32:28,250
was affected and the poorest were

609
00:32:23,419 --> 00:32:29,990
threatened with starvation the events

610
00:32:28,250 --> 00:32:32,509
that followed were reported in all the

611
00:32:29,990 --> 00:32:34,759
courts of Europe one account was left by

612
00:32:32,509 --> 00:32:37,119
a Dutch traveler to Russia thought to be

613
00:32:34,759 --> 00:32:37,119
a spy

614
00:32:40,210 --> 00:32:44,740
a crowd of people forced their way into

615
00:32:42,190 --> 00:32:46,570
the palace court-yard the guard sided

616
00:32:44,740 --> 00:32:48,759
with the people and burst into Mara

617
00:32:46,569 --> 00:32:50,769
sophs house they trampled everything

618
00:32:48,759 --> 00:32:52,420
underfoot through his belongings from

619
00:32:50,769 --> 00:32:55,299
the windows and ransacked the place

620
00:32:52,420 --> 00:32:58,870
taking all they could they shouted

621
00:32:55,299 --> 00:33:00,519
furiously this is our blood marah's off

622
00:32:58,869 --> 00:33:04,409
himself escaped into one of his

623
00:33:00,519 --> 00:33:04,410
Majesty's chambers and hid there

624
00:33:06,859 --> 00:33:11,509
there were revolts across Russia boost

625
00:33:09,679 --> 00:33:15,110
yog and self you got skin the

626
00:33:11,509 --> 00:33:18,009
north to Kursk in the south Tsar was

627
00:33:15,109 --> 00:33:21,189
under siege in his own palace

628
00:33:18,009 --> 00:33:24,200
pregnant Tsar Ritzer nearly miscarried

629
00:33:21,190 --> 00:33:27,400
she gave birth five months later but

630
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:30,759
their first child died within the year

631
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:33,710
[Music]

632
00:33:30,759 --> 00:33:36,558
to appease the people Tsar ordered the

633
00:33:33,710 --> 00:33:39,528
execution of many corrupt officials but

634
00:33:36,558 --> 00:33:42,859
not Maris off Alexei would not sacrifice

635
00:33:39,528 --> 00:33:46,119
his beloved tutor and instead exiled him

636
00:33:42,859 --> 00:33:48,918
to a monastery 300 miles north of Moscow

637
00:33:46,119 --> 00:33:50,989
in response to the salt riots the

638
00:33:48,919 --> 00:33:53,450
National Assembly was urgently convened

639
00:33:50,990 --> 00:33:55,970
within the Kremlin it advised the Tsar

640
00:33:53,450 --> 00:33:58,759
that only a comprehensive new legal code

641
00:33:55,970 --> 00:34:00,620
could restore order a special commission

642
00:33:58,759 --> 00:34:05,269
was established in which the Tsar

643
00:34:00,619 --> 00:34:08,148
himself took an active role the result

644
00:34:05,269 --> 00:34:09,559
was a sabor Nicola genja a legal code

645
00:34:08,148 --> 00:34:11,659
that sought to consolidate all the

646
00:34:09,559 --> 00:34:14,539
state's existing laws into a single

647
00:34:11,659 --> 00:34:16,639
document for the first time it would

648
00:34:14,539 --> 00:34:17,889
prove a cornerstone of Russian law for

649
00:34:16,639 --> 00:34:21,230
centuries to come

650
00:34:17,889 --> 00:34:23,269
codes 25 chapters and nearly thousand

651
00:34:21,230 --> 00:34:28,219
articles were copied and glued together

652
00:34:23,269 --> 00:34:31,099
into a single role 309 metres long after

653
00:34:28,219 --> 00:34:35,029
its approval 1,200 copies were printed

654
00:34:31,099 --> 00:34:36,740
and one sent to every major city the

655
00:34:35,030 --> 00:34:38,720
code entrenched the privileges of the

656
00:34:36,739 --> 00:34:41,868
nobility who became the only people

657
00:34:38,719 --> 00:34:43,699
legally allowed to own serfs the status

658
00:34:41,869 --> 00:34:46,849
of these peasants was made permanent and

659
00:34:43,699 --> 00:34:50,088
hereditary the suborn Yahoo lasagna was

660
00:34:46,849 --> 00:34:52,059
enforced for almost 200 years from 1649

661
00:34:50,088 --> 00:34:54,529
until 1832

662
00:34:52,059 --> 00:34:57,509
[Music]

663
00:34:54,530 --> 00:35:00,450
when the rioting finally abated Boris

664
00:34:57,510 --> 00:35:02,520
Morozov quietly returned from exile but

665
00:35:00,449 --> 00:35:05,429
his place as a Lexi's closest advisor

666
00:35:02,519 --> 00:35:07,289
had been taken by another the 43 year

667
00:35:05,429 --> 00:35:13,980
old Abbot of Nova Spassky monastery

668
00:35:07,289 --> 00:35:17,639
nikan nikan made a great impression on

669
00:35:13,980 --> 00:35:20,608
the devout Tsar soon he was ordained

670
00:35:17,639 --> 00:35:21,150
metropolitan Bishop of nagaraj three

671
00:35:20,608 --> 00:35:23,940
years later

672
00:35:21,150 --> 00:35:29,369
alexei appointed him patriarch head of

673
00:35:23,940 --> 00:35:31,200
the entire Russian Orthodox Church with

674
00:35:29,369 --> 00:35:33,088
the Tsar's backing the new patriarch

675
00:35:31,199 --> 00:35:35,639
began a large-scale reform of the

676
00:35:33,088 --> 00:35:37,949
Russian Church he can't believe that

677
00:35:35,639 --> 00:35:39,750
over the last four centuries the rituals

678
00:35:37,949 --> 00:35:41,730
and beliefs of his native church had

679
00:35:39,750 --> 00:35:43,949
become riddled with corruption and abuse

680
00:35:41,730 --> 00:35:45,659
and were increasingly at odds with the

681
00:35:43,949 --> 00:35:48,750
rites performed by the Greek Orthodox

682
00:35:45,659 --> 00:35:50,969
Church the morality and conduct of

683
00:35:48,750 --> 00:35:53,369
Russian priests and monks had also been

684
00:35:50,969 --> 00:35:58,879
called into question

685
00:35:53,369 --> 00:36:01,798
[Music]

686
00:35:58,880 --> 00:36:03,480
the cones reforms were intended to bring

687
00:36:01,798 --> 00:36:06,119
the Russian church back into line with

688
00:36:03,480 --> 00:36:11,039
its own early practices and those of the

689
00:36:06,119 --> 00:36:13,140
Greek Orthodox Church Russians were now

690
00:36:11,039 --> 00:36:15,119
to cross themselves using three fingers

691
00:36:13,139 --> 00:36:17,578
and not two they were told how many

692
00:36:15,119 --> 00:36:19,380
times to bow during services what

693
00:36:17,579 --> 00:36:21,510
musical instruments could be played in

694
00:36:19,380 --> 00:36:26,220
church and how to correctly spell the

695
00:36:21,510 --> 00:36:28,770
name Jesus Christ for a deeply

696
00:36:26,219 --> 00:36:34,679
conservative church such reforms were no

697
00:36:28,769 --> 00:36:37,019
small matter they led to sharp divisions

698
00:36:34,679 --> 00:36:39,328
within the church so-called old

699
00:36:37,019 --> 00:36:41,489
believers denounced them as heresy and

700
00:36:39,329 --> 00:36:44,309
continued to practice the old forms of

701
00:36:41,489 --> 00:36:46,858
worship in secret but ultimately it was

702
00:36:44,309 --> 00:36:53,280
their leader arch priest a bakhoum who

703
00:36:46,858 --> 00:36:55,828
would be burnt as a heretic nakhon

704
00:36:53,280 --> 00:36:57,869
support grew steadily until by the end

705
00:36:55,829 --> 00:36:59,339
of Alexie's reign his course had become

706
00:36:57,869 --> 00:37:02,460
impossible to resist

707
00:36:59,338 --> 00:37:04,528
diehard opponents remained but many more

708
00:37:02,460 --> 00:37:06,750
embrace the practical benefits of his

709
00:37:04,528 --> 00:37:09,599
reforms such as restoring discipline

710
00:37:06,750 --> 00:37:14,340
among the clergy and promoting education

711
00:37:09,599 --> 00:37:17,279
[Music]

712
00:37:14,340 --> 00:37:19,860
Czar Alexi had supported Nikon's reforms

713
00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:22,200
but the patriarchy began to overreach

714
00:37:19,860 --> 00:37:24,539
himself becoming involved in every

715
00:37:22,199 --> 00:37:26,969
aspect of government from politics to

716
00:37:24,539 --> 00:37:29,849
diplomacy and the conduct of military

717
00:37:26,969 --> 00:37:31,649
campaigns meanwhile the patriarchs

718
00:37:29,849 --> 00:37:34,139
enemies at court spread rumors to

719
00:37:31,650 --> 00:37:35,519
undermine him relations between the head

720
00:37:34,139 --> 00:37:38,219
of the church and the head of state

721
00:37:35,519 --> 00:37:40,199
reached a new low when tsar alexei

722
00:37:38,219 --> 00:37:47,339
failed to attend the patriarch service

723
00:37:40,199 --> 00:37:49,069
at the Cathedral of the Assumption it

724
00:37:47,340 --> 00:37:51,570
could mean only one thing

725
00:37:49,070 --> 00:37:53,550
patriarch Nikon had fallen from favor

726
00:37:51,570 --> 00:37:54,289
and could no longer count on the Tsar's

727
00:37:53,550 --> 00:38:04,510
support

728
00:37:54,289 --> 00:38:06,650
[Music]

729
00:38:04,510 --> 00:38:09,230
yiquan left for the new jerusalem

730
00:38:06,650 --> 00:38:11,240
monastery a day's journey from Moscow

731
00:38:09,230 --> 00:38:13,869
where he planned to await the Tsar's

732
00:38:11,239 --> 00:38:13,869
apology

733
00:38:14,630 --> 00:38:22,509
but it never came instead czar appointed

734
00:38:19,338 --> 00:38:22,509
a new patriarch

735
00:38:24,619 --> 00:38:31,230
in 1666 a great synod was held in Moscow

736
00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:32,990
attended by the most senior priests of

737
00:38:31,230 --> 00:38:36,030
the Greek and Russian Orthodox Church

738
00:38:32,989 --> 00:38:38,119
the synod dismissed patriarch Nikon from

739
00:38:36,030 --> 00:38:40,380
his post but at the same time

740
00:38:38,119 --> 00:38:42,839
excommunicated his great adversary arch

741
00:38:40,380 --> 00:38:46,730
priest avec une and upheld nikon's

742
00:38:42,840 --> 00:38:46,730
entire program of church reform

743
00:38:47,929 --> 00:38:55,199
marah's off and now nikon work on tsar

744
00:38:52,289 --> 00:38:58,259
alexei this passion of youth lover of

745
00:38:55,199 --> 00:39:01,679
falconry loving husband and father would

746
00:38:58,260 --> 00:39:03,570
now rule alone for the first time little

747
00:39:01,679 --> 00:39:05,879
did he know he was about to face one of

748
00:39:03,570 --> 00:39:08,940
the most turbulent periods in all of

749
00:39:05,880 --> 00:39:10,980
Russian history the first threat would

750
00:39:08,940 --> 00:39:15,059
come from the south and the Cossack

751
00:39:10,980 --> 00:39:17,519
renegade Stefan rosin rosin was a

752
00:39:15,059 --> 00:39:19,829
Cossack chief or at a man from the dawn

753
00:39:17,519 --> 00:39:21,719
region he had a long record of

754
00:39:19,829 --> 00:39:23,929
insurrection and banditry along the

755
00:39:21,719 --> 00:39:27,329
Volga River and around the Caspian Sea

756
00:39:23,929 --> 00:39:29,730
but in 1670 he aimed at nothing less

757
00:39:27,329 --> 00:39:32,309
than the creation of a new free state

758
00:39:29,730 --> 00:39:34,070
for the cossacks after he seized the

759
00:39:32,309 --> 00:39:36,500
towns of Zarate's in and choked asked

760
00:39:34,070 --> 00:39:38,580
thousands rallied to his cause

761
00:39:36,500 --> 00:39:40,889
government troops were eventually able

762
00:39:38,579 --> 00:39:42,840
to stamp out the rebellion and razzin

763
00:39:40,889 --> 00:39:45,539
was betrayed to the authorities by his

764
00:39:42,840 --> 00:39:49,860
Cossack rivals he was brought to Moscow

765
00:39:45,539 --> 00:39:52,050
and executed even while he struggled

766
00:39:49,860 --> 00:39:54,720
with church reform and Cossack rebellion

767
00:39:52,050 --> 00:39:59,400
tsar alexei faced war against the old

768
00:39:54,719 --> 00:40:02,009
enemy poland since the time of troubles

769
00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:04,530
commonwealth of poland and lithuania had

770
00:40:02,010 --> 00:40:06,540
occupied former russian lands including

771
00:40:04,530 --> 00:40:08,130
the important city of Smolensk

772
00:40:06,539 --> 00:40:10,509
[Music]

773
00:40:08,130 --> 00:40:13,360
while the Tsar was away with the army

774
00:40:10,510 --> 00:40:17,260
the dreaded news arrived that plague had

775
00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:19,599
broken out in Moscow the Czar's family

776
00:40:17,260 --> 00:40:21,520
and court were hurriedly evacuated to

777
00:40:19,599 --> 00:40:24,989
the monastery of Trinity Lavra of sin

778
00:40:21,519 --> 00:40:28,000
Sergius and the capital was quarantined

779
00:40:24,989 --> 00:40:32,409
by the 1670s Moscow was one of the

780
00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:34,900
largest cities in Europe before the

781
00:40:32,409 --> 00:40:36,789
epidemic its population was around 300

782
00:40:34,900 --> 00:40:40,200
thousand which made it about the same

783
00:40:36,789 --> 00:40:41,320
size as Paris Naples had a population of

784
00:40:40,199 --> 00:40:44,469
270,000

785
00:40:41,320 --> 00:40:46,809
London and Amsterdam about 200,000

786
00:40:44,469 --> 00:40:50,189
Venice and Antwerp about a hundred and

787
00:40:46,809 --> 00:40:55,779
fifty thousand Rome Genoa and Prague

788
00:40:50,190 --> 00:40:59,920
100,000 in five months the plague

789
00:40:55,780 --> 00:41:03,310
claimed 150,000 lives about half the

790
00:40:59,920 --> 00:41:07,000
population of Moscow bodies piled up in

791
00:41:03,309 --> 00:41:08,710
the streets but the army still had to be

792
00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:10,269
paid and the Treasury was in

793
00:41:08,710 --> 00:41:12,760
plague-ravaged Moscow

794
00:41:10,269 --> 00:41:15,789
if the epidemic spread to the troops it

795
00:41:12,760 --> 00:41:18,520
would be a disaster so the Tsar came up

796
00:41:15,789 --> 00:41:22,269
with the idea of literally laundering

797
00:41:18,519 --> 00:41:25,090
the money he ordered the silver coins to

798
00:41:22,269 --> 00:41:27,670
be washed with soap and lye for they

799
00:41:25,090 --> 00:41:31,289
were distributed to the troops plague

800
00:41:27,670 --> 00:41:31,289
never reached the army

801
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:36,200
the war with Poland lasted 13 years

802
00:41:34,239 --> 00:41:38,629
Russians managed to win back some

803
00:41:36,199 --> 00:41:40,759
territory on their western border but an

804
00:41:38,630 --> 00:41:47,769
empty treasury forced the Czar to seek

805
00:41:40,760 --> 00:41:51,829
an armistice in the truce of Andrews off

806
00:41:47,769 --> 00:41:53,869
Russia won back Smolensk genic off and

807
00:41:51,829 --> 00:41:56,960
other lands lost more than 50 years ago

808
00:41:53,869 --> 00:42:02,180
in the Time of Troubles eastern Ukraine

809
00:41:56,960 --> 00:42:04,849
also became part of the Russian state to

810
00:42:02,179 --> 00:42:07,308
refill his Treasury tsar alexei decided

811
00:42:04,849 --> 00:42:09,440
to reform the currency because of the

812
00:42:07,309 --> 00:42:11,599
country's shortage of gold and silver he

813
00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:15,289
introduced a copper coin but the same

814
00:42:11,599 --> 00:42:17,599
value as a silver coin wages were now

815
00:42:15,289 --> 00:42:19,910
paid out in copper while taxes were

816
00:42:17,599 --> 00:42:21,798
still gathered in silver the copper

817
00:42:19,909 --> 00:42:24,440
coins soon began to lose much of their

818
00:42:21,798 --> 00:42:27,619
value but the Tsar's mints continued to

819
00:42:24,440 --> 00:42:30,528
produce them within five years in Moscow

820
00:42:27,619 --> 00:42:34,240
a single silver ruble was worth 12 or

821
00:42:30,528 --> 00:42:34,239
even 15 copper rubles

822
00:42:36,389 --> 00:42:42,239
at the end of July 1662 when the Czar

823
00:42:39,690 --> 00:42:45,298
was at his palace at calamansi a few

824
00:42:42,239 --> 00:42:47,699
miles outside Moscow posters appeared in

825
00:42:45,298 --> 00:42:50,009
the city calling those responsible for

826
00:42:47,699 --> 00:42:54,358
minting copper coins thieves and

827
00:42:50,010 --> 00:42:56,819
traitors people of Moscow traveled to

828
00:42:54,358 --> 00:42:58,798
calamansi Oya to see the Tsar when he

829
00:42:56,818 --> 00:43:04,259
left church he was surrounded by a huge

830
00:42:58,798 --> 00:43:06,659
angry crowd but Alexei kept his

831
00:43:04,260 --> 00:43:09,210
composure he promised the people that

832
00:43:06,659 --> 00:43:15,480
the issue would be resolved he even

833
00:43:09,210 --> 00:43:19,349
swore an oath to it the crowd began to

834
00:43:15,480 --> 00:43:21,210
disperse bazaars guards led him away but

835
00:43:19,349 --> 00:43:24,329
more protesters kept arriving from

836
00:43:21,210 --> 00:43:27,358
Moscow angrier and shouting insults at

837
00:43:24,329 --> 00:43:30,390
the Tsar for a while alexei listened to

838
00:43:27,358 --> 00:43:33,328
their jeers in silence troops were

839
00:43:30,389 --> 00:43:35,449
already moving into position when the

840
00:43:33,329 --> 00:43:40,818
Tsar saw that they encircled the crowd

841
00:43:35,449 --> 00:43:40,818
gave the order the slaughter began

842
00:43:44,539 --> 00:43:49,739
[Applause]

843
00:43:47,210 --> 00:43:52,860
2,500 people were killed at calamansi

844
00:43:49,739 --> 00:43:55,289
Oya in just a few hours the revolt was

845
00:43:52,860 --> 00:43:57,599
suppressed but the copper coinage had to

846
00:43:55,289 --> 00:44:01,650
be withdrawn the state even offered

847
00:43:57,599 --> 00:44:06,630
compensation at five kopecks or 5% to

848
00:44:01,650 --> 00:44:09,269
the ruble czars agents interrogated and

849
00:44:06,630 --> 00:44:12,900
tortured suspects for months to find out

850
00:44:09,269 --> 00:44:16,170
who had been behind the riots 150 were

851
00:44:12,900 --> 00:44:18,030
hanged about 1000 were sent into exile

852
00:44:16,170 --> 00:44:24,840
with the letter be branded on their

853
00:44:18,030 --> 00:44:26,610
faces a boon Tov sheikh rebel czar

854
00:44:24,840 --> 00:44:28,680
Ritzer was pregnant during the copper

855
00:44:26,610 --> 00:44:31,500
riot as she'd been 14 years before

856
00:44:28,679 --> 00:44:33,719
during the salt riot it was said the

857
00:44:31,500 --> 00:44:35,750
shock took its toll on her later when

858
00:44:33,719 --> 00:44:39,299
the Surratt's are died in childbirth the

859
00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:48,880
baby girl died just five days later

860
00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:51,590
[Music]

861
00:44:48,880 --> 00:44:54,380
after the revolt tsar alexei became

862
00:44:51,590 --> 00:44:56,210
deeply suspicious he created a special

863
00:44:54,380 --> 00:44:58,369
section of the department of secret

864
00:44:56,210 --> 00:45:00,860
affairs that combined the functions of

865
00:44:58,369 --> 00:45:05,569
counterintelligence secret police of

866
00:45:00,860 --> 00:45:07,550
censorship and the prison it oversaw the

867
00:45:05,570 --> 00:45:09,830
work of all other state departments and

868
00:45:07,550 --> 00:45:11,930
was based not with them in the kremlin

869
00:45:09,829 --> 00:45:15,380
and at its own headquarters a few

870
00:45:11,929 --> 00:45:17,859
streets away at Lubyanka torture was

871
00:45:15,380 --> 00:45:20,720
used routinely during its interrogations

872
00:45:17,860 --> 00:45:23,030
it also relied on a large network of

873
00:45:20,719 --> 00:45:26,659
paid informers including state

874
00:45:23,030 --> 00:45:29,830
bureaucrats shopkeepers and innkeepers

875
00:45:26,659 --> 00:45:32,539
[Music]

876
00:45:29,829 --> 00:45:34,849
the Tsar had his own office within the

877
00:45:32,539 --> 00:45:37,639
department from where he increasingly

878
00:45:34,849 --> 00:45:39,170
handled all affairs of state the

879
00:45:37,639 --> 00:45:41,239
department of secret Affairs also

880
00:45:39,170 --> 00:45:43,760
continued to run the Tsar's household

881
00:45:41,239 --> 00:45:46,519
and entertainments and produce the day

882
00:45:43,760 --> 00:45:51,260
reports first weather reports in Russian

883
00:45:46,519 --> 00:45:53,269
history by the end of his reign Alexei

884
00:45:51,260 --> 00:45:54,170
had surrounded himself with flatterers

885
00:45:53,269 --> 00:45:56,659
and yes-men

886
00:45:54,170 --> 00:45:59,510
who competed with each other to sing the

887
00:45:56,659 --> 00:46:01,279
praises of their glorious monarch his

888
00:45:59,510 --> 00:46:04,220
public appearances became increasingly

889
00:46:01,280 --> 00:46:07,640
formal and magnificent with new

890
00:46:04,219 --> 00:46:09,049
ceremonies devised in detail by the xyp

891
00:46:07,639 --> 00:46:12,480
[Music]

892
00:46:09,050 --> 00:46:14,700
Czar recently widowed seemed set on the

893
00:46:12,480 --> 00:46:17,490
path towards aging despotism and

894
00:46:14,699 --> 00:46:19,739
ever-increasing isolation but an

895
00:46:17,489 --> 00:46:21,709
encounter one evening as he dined at the

896
00:46:19,739 --> 00:46:26,159
house of his friend Artem on matveyev

897
00:46:21,710 --> 00:46:29,130
turned everything on its head as per

898
00:46:26,159 --> 00:46:32,009
custom czars first cup was presented by

899
00:46:29,130 --> 00:46:36,059
the hosts young ward the 19 year old

900
00:46:32,010 --> 00:46:38,430
Natalia nourish kana czar was instantly

901
00:46:36,059 --> 00:46:41,929
captivated by her beauty and became

902
00:46:38,429 --> 00:46:41,929
determined to make her his wife

903
00:46:42,710 --> 00:46:47,960
but proper protocol had to be observed

904
00:46:45,050 --> 00:46:50,630
the selection of a new royal bride was

905
00:46:47,960 --> 00:46:52,519
announced and 74 women of great beauty

906
00:46:50,630 --> 00:46:55,250
were brought to Moscow for the Tsar's

907
00:46:52,519 --> 00:46:57,199
appraisal only one of them knew the

908
00:46:55,250 --> 00:47:01,030
result had already been decided

909
00:46:57,199 --> 00:47:03,639
[Music]

910
00:47:01,030 --> 00:47:07,040
Natalia Naru Chicana had won the SARS

911
00:47:03,639 --> 00:47:09,269
heart the selection was a mere formality

912
00:47:07,039 --> 00:47:11,980
[Music]

913
00:47:09,269 --> 00:47:14,139
wedding took place in the Kremlin in the

914
00:47:11,980 --> 00:47:19,240
Cathedral of the Assumption on February

915
00:47:14,139 --> 00:47:23,289
1st 1671 a year and a half later the

916
00:47:19,239 --> 00:47:26,049
Newser Ritzer gave birth to a son the

917
00:47:23,289 --> 00:47:29,130
boy would be known to history as Peter

918
00:47:26,050 --> 00:47:29,130
the Great

919
00:47:34,340 --> 00:47:40,350
in his newfound joy tsar alexei decided

920
00:47:37,829 --> 00:47:42,420
to realize a long cherished dream to

921
00:47:40,349 --> 00:47:45,719
build russia's first professional

922
00:47:42,420 --> 00:47:47,670
theater the theater was built in the

923
00:47:45,719 --> 00:47:50,369
village of preobrazhenskaya on the

924
00:47:47,670 --> 00:47:52,380
outskirts of Moscow aster you and

925
00:47:50,369 --> 00:47:54,359
Gregory from the city's German quarter

926
00:47:52,380 --> 00:47:57,960
was invited to write its first play

927
00:47:54,360 --> 00:48:00,059
entitled the comedy of artaxerxes based

928
00:47:57,960 --> 00:48:02,610
on the story of Esther from the Bible

929
00:48:00,059 --> 00:48:06,150
all parts were played by students from

930
00:48:02,610 --> 00:48:08,460
the Lutheran School the first

931
00:48:06,150 --> 00:48:13,050
performance took place on October 30th

932
00:48:08,460 --> 00:48:16,500
1670 to play lasted an exhausting 10

933
00:48:13,050 --> 00:48:18,210
hours tsar Ritzer and princesses watched

934
00:48:16,500 --> 00:48:19,670
from behind a screen that hid them from

935
00:48:18,210 --> 00:48:23,070
sight

936
00:48:19,670 --> 00:48:25,650
soon five more plays had been staged all

937
00:48:23,070 --> 00:48:31,470
based on stories from the Bible as well

938
00:48:25,650 --> 00:48:33,840
as the first ballet Orpheus tsar alexei

939
00:48:31,469 --> 00:48:38,519
was filled with a new zest for life and

940
00:48:33,840 --> 00:48:41,130
a horror of growing old he started to

941
00:48:38,519 --> 00:48:43,920
study medical textbooks and to use herbs

942
00:48:41,130 --> 00:48:46,050
to mix his own potions he would listen

943
00:48:43,920 --> 00:48:48,150
attentively to his doctors and became

944
00:48:46,050 --> 00:48:49,769
obsessed with bloodletting which was

945
00:48:48,150 --> 00:48:52,880
believed to restore the balance of the

946
00:48:49,769 --> 00:48:55,469
body's humors necessary for good health

947
00:48:52,880 --> 00:48:58,230
he strongly recommended the practice for

948
00:48:55,469 --> 00:49:00,209
all his courtiers it was said he

949
00:48:58,230 --> 00:49:03,829
sometimes let his favourite falcon make

950
00:49:00,210 --> 00:49:03,829
the incision as the bird

951
00:49:08,920 --> 00:49:16,970
in January 1676 Alexi caught a cold

952
00:49:13,039 --> 00:49:19,159
which he decided to treat himself but

953
00:49:16,969 --> 00:49:21,169
his health deteriorated rapidly and

954
00:49:19,159 --> 00:49:22,210
within a week his condition was without

955
00:49:21,170 --> 00:49:25,940
hope

956
00:49:22,210 --> 00:49:28,760
On January 29th Bazar received the last

957
00:49:25,940 --> 00:49:29,659
rites and blessed his eldest son

958
00:49:28,760 --> 00:49:33,380
Theodore

959
00:49:29,659 --> 00:49:35,679
as his heir and the next Czar of Russia

960
00:49:33,380 --> 00:49:41,320
[Music]

961
00:49:35,679 --> 00:49:41,319
he died the following night aged 46

962
00:49:42,829 --> 00:49:51,469
[Music]

963
00:49:48,710 --> 00:49:53,970
alexei romanov weathered many storms

964
00:49:51,469 --> 00:49:57,298
leave behind a state that was rich

965
00:49:53,969 --> 00:49:59,639
strong and stable his successors would

966
00:49:57,298 --> 00:50:02,519
build upon his legacy carrying on the

967
00:49:59,639 --> 00:50:05,098
work of reform and modernization none

968
00:50:02,519 --> 00:50:07,559
more so than his youngest son Peter the

969
00:50:05,099 --> 00:50:11,309
Great whose achievements would eclipse

970
00:50:07,559 --> 00:50:13,470
those of his father Alexei died in the

971
00:50:11,309 --> 00:50:17,220
prime of his life with many great

972
00:50:13,469 --> 00:50:21,769
ambitions unfulfilled the country felt

973
00:50:17,219 --> 00:50:21,769
bereaved as though it had lost a father

974
00:50:25,130 --> 00:50:32,250
heir to this mighty Russian state feodor

975
00:50:29,130 --> 00:50:35,280
alexeyevitch wasn't even able to attend

976
00:50:32,250 --> 00:50:37,019
his father's funeral unaided his ill

977
00:50:35,280 --> 00:50:40,319
health meant he had to be carried to the

978
00:50:37,019 --> 00:50:42,179
cathedral on a special litter looking at

979
00:50:40,318 --> 00:50:45,750
the sickly face beneath the Czar's fur

980
00:50:42,179 --> 00:50:46,348
hat some whispered a warning prepare

981
00:50:45,750 --> 00:50:48,809
yourselves

982
00:50:46,349 --> 00:50:51,568
soon the nobles will be back in charge

983
00:50:48,809 --> 00:50:53,240
and another Time of Troubles will be

984
00:50:51,568 --> 00:51:45,349
upon us

985
00:50:53,239 --> 00:51:45,349
[Music]

986
00:51:53,318 --> 00:52:00,380
year was 1674 in the private theater of

987
00:51:57,829 --> 00:52:07,640
tsar alexei taylor of the byzantine

988
00:52:00,380 --> 00:52:10,249
princess bulk area was being retold long

989
00:52:07,639 --> 00:52:12,978
ago she had been the elder sister of a

990
00:52:10,248 --> 00:52:14,619
byzantine emperor seven-year-old boy

991
00:52:12,978 --> 00:52:16,609
given to daydreaming

992
00:52:14,619 --> 00:52:18,920
[Music]

993
00:52:16,610 --> 00:52:23,010
so she ruled in place of her little

994
00:52:18,920 --> 00:52:25,579
brother and proved to be wise and fair

995
00:52:23,010 --> 00:52:27,730
[Music]

996
00:52:25,579 --> 00:52:31,819
the tale delighted its royal audience

997
00:52:27,730 --> 00:52:35,240
but one teenage Princess Sofia was

998
00:52:31,820 --> 00:52:40,039
spellbound this was her own dream

999
00:52:35,239 --> 00:52:44,989
brought to life on stage she had no idea

1000
00:52:40,039 --> 00:52:45,889
where and how far that dream would lead

1001
00:52:44,989 --> 00:52:56,048
her

1002
00:52:45,889 --> 00:52:56,048
[Music]

1003
00:53:01,309 --> 00:53:07,079
few years later when Zara Lexi's eldest

1004
00:53:04,980 --> 00:53:09,599
surviving son took the throne as feared

1005
00:53:07,079 --> 00:53:12,929
or the third house of Romanov seemed

1006
00:53:09,599 --> 00:53:15,960
secure and stable the succession was not

1007
00:53:12,929 --> 00:53:18,299
in dispute Lexy himself had named and

1008
00:53:15,960 --> 00:53:24,750
blessed the door as his successor from

1009
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:27,990
his deathbed there was one thing though

1010
00:53:24,750 --> 00:53:29,940
that worried the people the young Tsar

1011
00:53:27,989 --> 00:53:33,299
had had to be carried to his coronation

1012
00:53:29,940 --> 00:53:35,480
in a litter he could barely walk on his

1013
00:53:33,300 --> 00:53:35,480
own

1014
00:53:50,690 --> 00:53:55,849
as feared or ascended the throne many

1015
00:53:53,719 --> 00:53:59,798
had called openly hinted that the young

1016
00:53:55,849 --> 00:54:02,450
czar was not long for this world

1017
00:53:59,798 --> 00:54:05,929
chapter 1 Theodore the third

1018
00:54:02,449 --> 00:54:08,750
Alekseyevich heard or had suffered from

1019
00:54:05,929 --> 00:54:11,149
chronic scurvy since childhood it led to

1020
00:54:08,750 --> 00:54:14,269
anemia the blood disorder that left him

1021
00:54:11,150 --> 00:54:16,639
profoundly weak it also caused his limbs

1022
00:54:14,269 --> 00:54:18,909
to swell and led to the abnormal

1023
00:54:16,639 --> 00:54:21,710
development of his bones and cartilage

1024
00:54:18,909 --> 00:54:24,798
scurvy is caused by an acute deficiency

1025
00:54:21,710 --> 00:54:27,460
of vitamin C in the 17th century it was

1026
00:54:24,798 --> 00:54:30,530
common during Wars or long sea voyages

1027
00:54:27,460 --> 00:54:32,329
first Romanoff's however seemed to have

1028
00:54:30,530 --> 00:54:36,339
had a rare hereditary form of the

1029
00:54:32,329 --> 00:54:38,839
disease because of his ill health

1030
00:54:36,338 --> 00:54:41,328
Theodore was forced to spend much of his

1031
00:54:38,838 --> 00:54:44,808
time indoors unable to take part in

1032
00:54:41,329 --> 00:54:47,839
games or sport instead he developed an

1033
00:54:44,809 --> 00:54:50,510
interest in the sciences his tutor was a

1034
00:54:47,838 --> 00:54:53,029
philosopher and poet Simeon polotsk II

1035
00:54:50,510 --> 00:54:54,650
and Fyodor was extremely well educated

1036
00:54:53,030 --> 00:54:57,359
for his time

1037
00:54:54,650 --> 00:55:01,499
young czar excelled in theology

1038
00:54:57,358 --> 00:55:03,929
philosophy rhetoric and poetry he spoke

1039
00:55:01,498 --> 00:55:09,568
fluent polish and read avi and in the

1040
00:55:03,929 --> 00:55:12,210
original Latin Theodore owned a large

1041
00:55:09,568 --> 00:55:15,778
music library sang well and was a

1042
00:55:12,210 --> 00:55:22,380
talented composer but his greatest

1043
00:55:15,778 --> 00:55:24,838
passion was for horse breeding when

1044
00:55:22,380 --> 00:55:26,338
Theodore was only three he was not given

1045
00:55:24,838 --> 00:55:29,248
a toy horse like most other

1046
00:55:26,338 --> 00:55:32,869
three-year-olds but a real horse because

1047
00:55:29,248 --> 00:55:32,868
he was the son of a Tsar

1048
00:55:35,159 --> 00:55:42,029
little boy was in or for the rest of his

1049
00:55:40,380 --> 00:55:46,860
life he would be obsessed with

1050
00:55:42,030 --> 00:55:48,810
everything to do with horses he adores

1051
00:55:46,860 --> 00:55:51,960
parents hoped that riding would improve

1052
00:55:48,809 --> 00:55:55,440
the princes health but instead their

1053
00:55:51,960 --> 00:55:58,199
worst nightmare came true one of his

1054
00:55:55,440 --> 00:56:02,849
father's friends we are noble art Amnon

1055
00:55:58,199 --> 00:56:05,699
Madhvi F witnessed the accident and he

1056
00:56:02,849 --> 00:56:07,739
was 13 Fyodor decided to travel to the

1057
00:56:05,699 --> 00:56:10,949
countryside like sledge along with his

1058
00:56:07,739 --> 00:56:13,229
eyes and sisters he was given a hot

1059
00:56:10,949 --> 00:56:16,859
tempered horse to pull the sledge which

1060
00:56:13,230 --> 00:56:18,599
he mounted there were so many people in

1061
00:56:16,860 --> 00:56:22,440
the sledge that the horse couldn't move

1062
00:56:18,599 --> 00:56:25,589
it it reared threw the rider off and he

1063
00:56:22,440 --> 00:56:27,599
fell under the sledge he ran over feodor

1064
00:56:25,590 --> 00:56:33,300
alexeyevitch with all its weight and

1065
00:56:27,599 --> 00:56:35,489
crushed his chest Fyodor survived Japan

1066
00:56:33,300 --> 00:56:38,990
to his woes he suffered chest and back

1067
00:56:35,489 --> 00:56:38,989
pain for the rest of his life

1068
00:56:39,480 --> 00:56:44,760
Theodore was an enthusiastic follower of

1069
00:56:41,909 --> 00:56:47,429
the latest European trends he wanted to

1070
00:56:44,760 --> 00:56:49,410
be a reformer to sweep away all that was

1071
00:56:47,429 --> 00:56:51,989
outdated and backward in Russia and

1072
00:56:49,409 --> 00:56:54,659
bring in all the latest fashion and

1073
00:56:51,989 --> 00:56:57,179
innovations from the West but his

1074
00:56:54,659 --> 00:57:01,099
illness left him effectively sidelined a

1075
00:56:57,179 --> 00:57:03,230
virtual prisoner in his own palace

1076
00:57:01,099 --> 00:57:05,360
control of government fell into the

1077
00:57:03,230 --> 00:57:09,110
hands of the Tsar's uncle even with a

1078
00:57:05,360 --> 00:57:12,079
Slav ski at his family his rival Artem

1079
00:57:09,110 --> 00:57:14,360
on map EF brilliant diplomat and sworn

1080
00:57:12,079 --> 00:57:17,299
enemy of the Miller Slav ski clan was

1081
00:57:14,360 --> 00:57:19,760
sent into exile under the Youngs our

1082
00:57:17,300 --> 00:57:21,250
power once more lay with the boy our

1083
00:57:19,760 --> 00:57:23,900
Nobles

1084
00:57:21,250 --> 00:57:25,909
milah Slav ski dismissed the Department

1085
00:57:23,900 --> 00:57:28,340
of secret Affairs and the Department of

1086
00:57:25,909 --> 00:57:31,519
accounting format instruments of royal

1087
00:57:28,340 --> 00:57:33,320
government he himself took over two key

1088
00:57:31,519 --> 00:57:35,360
government departments the great

1089
00:57:33,320 --> 00:57:37,430
Treasury which controlled state finance

1090
00:57:35,360 --> 00:57:39,650
and the Department of ambassador's in

1091
00:57:37,429 --> 00:57:41,839
charge of foreign policy as well as

1092
00:57:39,650 --> 00:57:43,610
other minor departments other

1093
00:57:41,840 --> 00:57:45,650
departments were distributed amongst his

1094
00:57:43,610 --> 00:57:47,570
friends and relatives some of whom held

1095
00:57:45,650 --> 00:57:52,190
up to half a dozen different government

1096
00:57:47,570 --> 00:57:54,500
posts in just a few years a number of

1097
00:57:52,190 --> 00:57:58,190
government departments increased from 42

1098
00:57:54,500 --> 00:58:05,900
to 60 the total number of bureaucrats

1099
00:57:58,190 --> 00:58:07,909
rose from 882 to 2762 this new bloated

1100
00:58:05,900 --> 00:58:10,280
administration was riddled with corrupt

1101
00:58:07,909 --> 00:58:14,500
and lazy officials many of whom owed

1102
00:58:10,280 --> 00:58:14,500
their place at the Miller /ki family

1103
00:58:22,909 --> 00:58:31,759
it was love at first sight on Palm

1104
00:58:29,719 --> 00:58:34,519
Sunday during the celebration of

1105
00:58:31,760 --> 00:58:36,950
Christ's entry into Jerusalem a solemn

1106
00:58:34,519 --> 00:58:39,349
procession bearing icons and a crucifix

1107
00:58:36,949 --> 00:58:44,629
crossed Red Square and entered the

1108
00:58:39,349 --> 00:58:46,818
Kremlin Cathedral amid the crowd one

1109
00:58:44,630 --> 00:58:49,640
girl caught the eye of the 18 year olds

1110
00:58:46,818 --> 00:58:54,170
our she stood out less for her beauty

1111
00:58:49,639 --> 00:58:57,639
and for her proud and noble bearing Tsar

1112
00:58:54,170 --> 00:58:57,639
was captivated

1113
00:58:58,800 --> 00:59:04,620
the girl was found her name was Agatha a

1114
00:59:02,309 --> 00:59:07,110
guru shets Kea the daughter of a petty

1115
00:59:04,619 --> 00:59:10,380
nobleman who now lived with her uncle in

1116
00:59:07,110 --> 00:59:12,539
Moscow Theodora instructed the uncle to

1117
00:59:10,380 --> 00:59:15,710
keep his niece safe and not allow her to

1118
00:59:12,539 --> 00:59:18,300
marry without his permission

1119
00:59:15,710 --> 00:59:21,119
but the Tsar's choice of bride did not

1120
00:59:18,300 --> 00:59:22,920
suit them in a /e family they wanted him

1121
00:59:21,119 --> 00:59:25,259
to marry a girl from their own family

1122
00:59:22,920 --> 00:59:29,730
not the daughter of some even call

1123
00:59:25,260 --> 00:59:32,210
foraged provincial noble fifty years

1124
00:59:29,730 --> 00:59:36,300
later the historian Vasily tatischeff

1125
00:59:32,210 --> 00:59:38,340
investigated the facts and reported even

1126
00:59:36,300 --> 00:59:40,710
- laughs Sookie slandered agafia in

1127
00:59:38,340 --> 00:59:42,300
front of the Tsar blaming the both she

1128
00:59:40,710 --> 00:59:46,619
and her mother were known to be guilty

1129
00:59:42,300 --> 00:59:49,080
of several obscene acts but the girl

1130
00:59:46,619 --> 00:59:51,150
found out about this unjust accusation

1131
00:59:49,079 --> 00:59:53,909
and when questioned by officials

1132
00:59:51,150 --> 00:59:56,610
declared that no one should be in any

1133
00:59:53,909 --> 00:59:57,559
doubt as to her honour and swore to it

1134
00:59:56,610 --> 01:00:05,670
on her life

1135
00:59:57,559 --> 01:00:05,670
[Music]

1136
01:00:06,500 --> 01:00:11,340
reassured by this news

1137
01:00:08,610 --> 01:00:17,280
Czar decided to pay a secret visit to

1138
01:00:11,340 --> 01:00:20,010
his chosen one he took a trip through

1139
01:00:17,280 --> 01:00:21,990
the hills outside Moscow so on his way

1140
01:00:20,010 --> 01:00:23,580
back he could pass by Agra FIA's house

1141
01:00:21,989 --> 01:00:26,279
as if by accident

1142
01:00:23,579 --> 01:00:28,829
Pekka fears relatives told the girl to

1143
01:00:26,280 --> 01:00:32,720
stand in the window and for the first

1144
01:00:28,829 --> 01:00:36,279
time their eyes met

1145
01:00:32,719 --> 01:00:36,279
[Music]

1146
01:00:36,719 --> 01:00:42,009
Theodore took the first independent

1147
01:00:39,309 --> 01:00:44,859
decision of his life the scheming and

1148
01:00:42,009 --> 01:00:47,920
deceitful even Milla /ki was dismissed

1149
01:00:44,858 --> 01:00:53,500
from court he was no longer welcome in

1150
01:00:47,920 --> 01:00:56,019
the Tsar's presence to respect tradition

1151
01:00:53,500 --> 01:00:58,960
a formal presentation of Bridal

1152
01:00:56,018 --> 01:01:00,399
candidates was arranged for the Czar but

1153
01:00:58,960 --> 01:01:04,349
everyone knew the name of the winner

1154
01:01:00,400 --> 01:01:07,960
before the contest even began tsar

1155
01:01:04,349 --> 01:01:09,940
candidates and the organizers but it was

1156
01:01:07,960 --> 01:01:14,980
unthinkable to overlook the ancient

1157
01:01:09,940 --> 01:01:17,019
custom theodore now 19 and married was

1158
01:01:14,980 --> 01:01:19,480
at last recognized as having reached his

1159
01:01:17,018 --> 01:01:25,088
majority and assumed the full authority

1160
01:01:19,480 --> 01:01:28,000
of the tsar now he would take control of

1161
01:01:25,088 --> 01:01:32,730
his own fate and push forward his own

1162
01:01:28,000 --> 01:01:34,289
ideas on how russia should be governed

1163
01:01:32,730 --> 01:01:36,759
[Music]

1164
01:01:34,289 --> 01:01:39,339
his first act was to summon all the

1165
01:01:36,759 --> 01:01:42,369
nobles of the realm the most senior

1166
01:01:39,338 --> 01:01:44,588
nobles the boyars his advisers the

1167
01:01:42,369 --> 01:01:47,009
oconee chief and the members of the

1168
01:01:44,588 --> 01:01:47,009
council

1169
01:01:47,039 --> 01:01:52,239
they were to meet at one o'clock to

1170
01:01:49,420 --> 01:01:57,818
begin the work of reform beginning with

1171
01:01:52,239 --> 01:02:00,308
taxation the supporters are standing

1172
01:01:57,818 --> 01:02:03,519
army a variety of small taxes were

1173
01:02:00,309 --> 01:02:05,619
replaced with a single new tax every

1174
01:02:03,519 --> 01:02:08,679
household was now expected to pay 90

1175
01:02:05,619 --> 01:02:11,650
kopeks per year the equivalent of 72

1176
01:02:08,679 --> 01:02:14,230
kilograms of grain or 26 kilograms of

1177
01:02:11,650 --> 01:02:16,809
beef because of the acute shortage of

1178
01:02:14,230 --> 01:02:19,690
cash the Tsar sold the rights to collect

1179
01:02:16,809 --> 01:02:24,280
this tax to tax farmers helping to

1180
01:02:19,690 --> 01:02:27,039
quickly replenish the Treasury by 1680

1181
01:02:24,280 --> 01:02:30,010
state revenues totaled more than 1.2

1182
01:02:27,039 --> 01:02:32,469
million roubles customs and excise

1183
01:02:30,010 --> 01:02:35,740
duties accounted for 53 percent of

1184
01:02:32,469 --> 01:02:38,828
revenue direct taxation raised 44

1185
01:02:35,739 --> 01:02:43,568
percent and other minor taxes accounted

1186
01:02:38,829 --> 01:02:48,099
for the remainder next came a population

1187
01:02:43,568 --> 01:02:51,009
census completed in 1678 it identified

1188
01:02:48,099 --> 01:02:52,809
5.6 million people living in russia with

1189
01:02:51,010 --> 01:02:53,829
this only included taxpayers in the

1190
01:02:52,809 --> 01:02:56,619
Heartland regions

1191
01:02:53,829 --> 01:02:58,450
if non taxpayers were added plus those

1192
01:02:56,619 --> 01:03:00,789
in new settlements on the fringes of

1193
01:02:58,449 --> 01:03:02,649
Russia and across Siberia as well as the

1194
01:03:00,789 --> 01:03:06,009
Cossacks the total population was

1195
01:03:02,650 --> 01:03:07,780
approximately 12 million this made

1196
01:03:06,010 --> 01:03:10,119
Russia one of the world's most populated

1197
01:03:07,780 --> 01:03:14,470
countries and largest in terms of

1198
01:03:10,119 --> 01:03:17,318
territory by the end of the Romanov

1199
01:03:14,469 --> 01:03:22,318
dynasty in 1917 this population had

1200
01:03:17,318 --> 01:03:22,318
grown Eightfold to 103 million

1201
01:03:23,059 --> 01:03:27,739
next was boundary reform existing

1202
01:03:26,000 --> 01:03:29,960
boundaries were checked and new ones

1203
01:03:27,739 --> 01:03:32,269
established settling disputes over land

1204
01:03:29,960 --> 01:03:35,030
ownership and fixing the boundaries of

1205
01:03:32,269 --> 01:03:41,300
private estates royal estates and church

1206
01:03:35,030 --> 01:03:43,220
lands next army reform most settle parts

1207
01:03:41,300 --> 01:03:45,920
of Russia were divided into nine new

1208
01:03:43,219 --> 01:03:47,419
military districts from now on every

1209
01:03:45,920 --> 01:03:49,789
regiment was tied to one of these

1210
01:03:47,420 --> 01:03:53,570
districts or stationed there and did its

1211
01:03:49,789 --> 01:03:55,519
recruiting there 20 years later this

1212
01:03:53,570 --> 01:03:57,800
system would be the basis for even more

1213
01:03:55,519 --> 01:04:02,719
sweeping reforms by Theodore's younger

1214
01:03:57,800 --> 01:04:04,820
brother eater the great that helped

1215
01:04:02,719 --> 01:04:07,579
fight injustice the court of petitions

1216
01:04:04,820 --> 01:04:09,230
was reopened a person of any rank or

1217
01:04:07,579 --> 01:04:11,389
position could file a complaint to the

1218
01:04:09,230 --> 01:04:15,679
chamber of judgment and to the Czar

1219
01:04:11,389 --> 01:04:18,289
personally when Fyodor heard that some

1220
01:04:15,679 --> 01:04:20,359
petitions compared the zart of God he

1221
01:04:18,289 --> 01:04:23,420
was indignant he said that it was

1222
01:04:20,360 --> 01:04:25,280
indecent to write such words and that if

1223
01:04:23,420 --> 01:04:27,980
anybody dared to write again in that

1224
01:04:25,280 --> 01:04:30,220
style he would not regard their petition

1225
01:04:27,980 --> 01:04:32,800
with favor

1226
01:04:30,219 --> 01:04:34,929
Tsar Feodor also reformed the Penal Code

1227
01:04:32,800 --> 01:04:37,180
and abolished a range of barbaric

1228
01:04:34,929 --> 01:04:40,868
punishments including the cutting off of

1229
01:04:37,179 --> 01:04:42,098
hands feet and fingers prisoners who

1230
01:04:40,869 --> 01:04:45,039
would have received these punishments

1231
01:04:42,099 --> 01:04:46,690
were now sent to Siberia instead where

1232
01:04:45,039 --> 01:04:49,119
they helped to settle and develop the

1233
01:04:46,690 --> 01:04:54,159
vast empty lands that lay beyond the

1234
01:04:49,119 --> 01:04:56,590
Ural Mountains Moscow a city built of

1235
01:04:54,159 --> 01:04:58,960
wood used to be destroyed by fire about

1236
01:04:56,590 --> 01:05:01,420
once every generation in the reign of

1237
01:04:58,960 --> 01:05:04,329
Tsar Feodor large parts of the city were

1238
01:05:01,420 --> 01:05:05,889
rebuilt in stone for the first time the

1239
01:05:04,329 --> 01:05:08,039
State Treasury offered 10-year

1240
01:05:05,889 --> 01:05:10,659
interest-free loans to pay for the work

1241
01:05:08,039 --> 01:05:13,119
bazar would personally visit the site of

1242
01:05:10,659 --> 01:05:15,279
fires to see the loans issued most of

1243
01:05:13,119 --> 01:05:18,369
these medieval mortgages were never

1244
01:05:15,280 --> 01:05:22,680
repaid but they helped to build 10,000

1245
01:05:18,369 --> 01:05:25,570
new houses creating a new city of stone

1246
01:05:22,679 --> 01:05:27,250
finally the system of precedence by

1247
01:05:25,570 --> 01:05:29,769
which the boy our Nobles could inherit

1248
01:05:27,250 --> 01:05:33,250
government posts by virtue of rank alone

1249
01:05:29,769 --> 01:05:35,380
was abolished from now on appointments

1250
01:05:33,250 --> 01:05:39,130
would be based on merit and the Tsar's

1251
01:05:35,380 --> 01:05:45,550
judgment those as it was put whom the

1252
01:05:39,130 --> 01:05:47,829
great sovereign indicates tsar solemnly

1253
01:05:45,550 --> 01:05:49,839
burned the great books of rank which

1254
01:05:47,829 --> 01:05:52,420
catalogued the pedigree and precedence

1255
01:05:49,838 --> 01:05:54,699
of all russia's noble families in a

1256
01:05:52,420 --> 01:05:56,680
great bonfire in the courtyard of his

1257
01:05:54,699 --> 01:05:59,858
palace

1258
01:05:56,679 --> 01:06:02,409
desire had ushered in a new age in which

1259
01:05:59,858 --> 01:06:06,210
good government took precedence over the

1260
01:06:02,409 --> 01:06:06,210
boyars ancient privileges

1261
01:06:08,048 --> 01:06:15,728
Tsar Feodor was a man in a hurry he

1262
01:06:12,369 --> 01:06:17,739
introduced polish fashion at court some

1263
01:06:15,728 --> 01:06:20,889
courtiers even began to shave their

1264
01:06:17,739 --> 01:06:23,079
beards encouraged the founding of

1265
01:06:20,889 --> 01:06:24,868
Russia's first university based on

1266
01:06:23,079 --> 01:06:27,519
European lines

1267
01:06:24,869 --> 01:06:29,759
he built a fortress it is ium to guard

1268
01:06:27,518 --> 01:06:33,038
the southern border against Tatar raids

1269
01:06:29,759 --> 01:06:35,739
and opened the first state arms houses

1270
01:06:33,039 --> 01:06:38,709
in Russian history he began work on

1271
01:06:35,739 --> 01:06:42,639
reforming the courts sometimes it seemed

1272
01:06:38,708 --> 01:06:44,548
his illness had deserted him but it

1273
01:06:42,639 --> 01:06:46,868
never entirely left him

1274
01:06:44,548 --> 01:06:51,548
Fyodor knew it was a race against time

1275
01:06:46,869 --> 01:06:53,679
and there was much work to be done war

1276
01:06:51,548 --> 01:06:57,278
in the south against the Ottoman Turks

1277
01:06:53,679 --> 01:06:58,719
and Crimean Tatars proved costly it was

1278
01:06:57,278 --> 01:07:00,458
a conflict that might have been avoided

1279
01:06:58,719 --> 01:07:03,579
with the help of ottoman matveyev

1280
01:07:00,458 --> 01:07:10,498
czars most experienced diplomats but for

1281
01:07:03,579 --> 01:07:13,420
now he remained in exile in 1677 a

1282
01:07:10,498 --> 01:07:16,538
100,000 strong crimean Turkish army

1283
01:07:13,420 --> 01:07:19,298
invaded Ukraine it was met by a russian

1284
01:07:16,539 --> 01:07:21,999
ukrainian army with a strength of 57,000

1285
01:07:19,298 --> 01:07:24,518
men despite being outnumbered almost two

1286
01:07:21,998 --> 01:07:26,129
to one they managed to repel the Turkish

1287
01:07:24,518 --> 01:07:28,678
invader

1288
01:07:26,130 --> 01:07:31,630
the following year a Turkish army

1289
01:07:28,679 --> 01:07:35,048
200,000 strong was defeated by a Russian

1290
01:07:31,630 --> 01:07:36,849
army of 120,000 the Russian generals

1291
01:07:35,048 --> 01:07:41,079
were unable to capitalize on these

1292
01:07:36,849 --> 01:07:42,969
victories in 1681 the Treaty of

1293
01:07:41,079 --> 01:07:47,189
Manchester I was signed between Russia

1294
01:07:42,969 --> 01:07:47,188
the Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate

1295
01:07:47,610 --> 01:07:53,400
eastern Ukraine and the city of Kiev

1296
01:07:49,619 --> 01:07:55,079
remained in Russian hands Anitra river

1297
01:07:53,400 --> 01:07:57,180
became the new border with the ottomans

1298
01:07:55,079 --> 01:08:03,059
while a buffer zone was created between

1299
01:07:57,179 --> 01:08:05,969
the Nitra and boog river the war had

1300
01:08:03,059 --> 01:08:10,049
exhausted the Tsar but with peace his

1301
01:08:05,969 --> 01:08:12,719
health began to improve what's more his

1302
01:08:10,050 --> 01:08:17,100
beloved Queen his Tsar Itza was pregnant

1303
01:08:12,719 --> 01:08:19,579
with their first child baby was expected

1304
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:19,579
that summer

1305
01:08:21,659 --> 01:08:26,759
but their happiness was not to last

1306
01:08:28,710 --> 01:08:34,448
there were complications with the birth

1307
01:08:31,079 --> 01:08:36,659
AG afiyah died three days later on July

1308
01:08:34,448 --> 01:08:40,088
14 1681

1309
01:08:36,659 --> 01:08:44,710
infant son outlived his mother by just

1310
01:08:40,088 --> 01:08:47,619
six days Theodore was thrown into

1311
01:08:44,710 --> 01:08:51,170
despair his always frail health now

1312
01:08:47,619 --> 01:08:54,579
began to deteriorate with alarming speed

1313
01:08:51,170 --> 01:08:57,550
[Music]

1314
01:08:54,579 --> 01:08:59,619
fyodor knew he needed an air to ensure a

1315
01:08:57,550 --> 01:09:02,730
peaceful succession when the time came

1316
01:08:59,619 --> 01:09:05,529
and seven months later he married again

1317
01:09:02,729 --> 01:09:09,219
this time his bride was a 14 year old

1318
01:09:05,529 --> 01:09:10,869
girl named Martha apraxia Theodore did

1319
01:09:09,220 --> 01:09:13,838
not even have the strength to stand

1320
01:09:10,869 --> 01:09:18,029
during the wedding ceremony just ten

1321
01:09:13,838 --> 01:09:22,689
weeks later he was dead at the age of 20

1322
01:09:18,029 --> 01:09:24,969
his final decline was so rapid he didn't

1323
01:09:22,689 --> 01:09:27,689
have time to leave instructions about

1324
01:09:24,970 --> 01:09:27,690
his succession

1325
01:09:37,020 --> 01:09:42,730
Theodore had the potential to become

1326
01:09:39,338 --> 01:09:44,890
Russia's first enlightened monarch to

1327
01:09:42,729 --> 01:09:48,669
lead Russia into the main current of

1328
01:09:44,890 --> 01:09:51,600
European civilization he had everything

1329
01:09:48,670 --> 01:09:54,239
that was required education

1330
01:09:51,600 --> 01:10:04,510
determination character

1331
01:09:54,239 --> 01:10:06,279
everything except health Tsar Feodor the

1332
01:10:04,510 --> 01:10:08,890
third ruled Russia for just five years

1333
01:10:06,279 --> 01:10:10,539
but in that time he created the basis

1334
01:10:08,890 --> 01:10:13,150
for one of the strongest armies in the

1335
01:10:10,539 --> 01:10:17,680
world introduced a system of social

1336
01:10:13,149 --> 01:10:20,170
welfare reduced taxation expanded the

1337
01:10:17,680 --> 01:10:22,300
borders of his realm transformed Moscow

1338
01:10:20,170 --> 01:10:24,640
from a city of wood into a city of stone

1339
01:10:22,300 --> 01:10:27,250
and laid the foundations of a secular

1340
01:10:24,640 --> 01:10:29,380
system of education he approved the

1341
01:10:27,250 --> 01:10:31,840
foundation of Russia's first university

1342
01:10:29,380 --> 01:10:36,909
but died before he could sign the

1343
01:10:31,840 --> 01:10:39,069
Charter Theodore's death paved the way

1344
01:10:36,909 --> 01:10:42,159
for a power struggle between two boyer

1345
01:10:39,069 --> 01:10:44,529
families Mila slovsky's relatives of

1346
01:10:42,159 --> 01:10:47,529
Zara Lexi's first wife later it's a

1347
01:10:44,529 --> 01:10:51,119
Maria and the nourish King's family of

1348
01:10:47,529 --> 01:10:51,119
Alexis second wife Natalia

1349
01:10:51,420 --> 01:10:56,130
[Music]

1350
01:10:53,510 --> 01:10:58,680
milah slovsky's candidate for Tsar was

1351
01:10:56,130 --> 01:11:01,710
Maria's son Prince even a 15 year old

1352
01:10:58,680 --> 01:11:03,510
boy half blind and disabled the nourish

1353
01:11:01,710 --> 01:11:08,210
kin supported Natalia's son Peter

1354
01:11:03,510 --> 01:11:11,070
healthy and clever but only 10 years old

1355
01:11:08,210 --> 01:11:12,779
an hour after Theodore's death the boy

1356
01:11:11,069 --> 01:11:15,750
asked Council with the support of

1357
01:11:12,779 --> 01:11:19,229
patriarch yogi declared Prince Peter to

1358
01:11:15,750 --> 01:11:21,479
be the new Tsar of Russia his mother's

1359
01:11:19,229 --> 01:11:24,079
family the nourish Kings seemed to have

1360
01:11:21,479 --> 01:11:24,079
won the day

1361
01:11:24,269 --> 01:11:31,260
for those at court it meant one boy our

1362
01:11:26,698 --> 01:11:34,678
family was out and another was in but

1363
01:11:31,260 --> 01:11:37,340
for one person expelled the ruin of all

1364
01:11:34,679 --> 01:11:37,340
their dreams

1365
01:11:41,219 --> 01:11:46,038
chapter 2 Sofia alekseevna

1366
01:11:47,060 --> 01:11:53,630
Safiya alekseevna aspired to what most

1367
01:11:50,270 --> 01:11:57,590
young women aspire to freedom happiness

1368
01:11:53,630 --> 01:12:00,470
laughs but her fate was not that of any

1369
01:11:57,590 --> 01:12:04,130
ordinary woman she was a Russian

1370
01:12:00,470 --> 01:12:08,780
princess daughter of tsar alexei sister

1371
01:12:04,130 --> 01:12:11,319
of the lake Fyodor in 1680 to nine

1372
01:12:08,779 --> 01:12:16,489
princesses lived in the Tsar's palace

1373
01:12:11,319 --> 01:12:17,710
they were color Tatyana Autopia Martha

1374
01:12:16,489 --> 01:12:21,109
Sofia

1375
01:12:17,710 --> 01:12:24,980
yekaterina Maria feodosia

1376
01:12:21,109 --> 01:12:27,710
and Natalya none were permitted to marry

1377
01:12:24,979 --> 01:12:29,359
no Russian man was of sufficient rank

1378
01:12:27,710 --> 01:12:32,210
and foreigners did not share their

1379
01:12:29,359 --> 01:12:34,460
Orthodox faith princesses spent their

1380
01:12:32,210 --> 01:12:37,460
lives in their chambers in strict

1381
01:12:34,460 --> 01:12:39,619
isolation from outsiders they only left

1382
01:12:37,460 --> 01:12:42,170
the palace for church or other important

1383
01:12:39,619 --> 01:12:44,420
ceremonies in their carriages they sat

1384
01:12:42,170 --> 01:12:46,430
behind closed curtains and if they went

1385
01:12:44,420 --> 01:12:49,220
anywhere on foot they were shielded from

1386
01:12:46,430 --> 01:12:50,920
public gaze by drapes held up by their

1387
01:12:49,220 --> 01:12:52,960
attendants

1388
01:12:50,920 --> 01:12:55,869
they're only amusements were the swings

1389
01:12:52,960 --> 01:12:58,329
of the palace park in summer sledging in

1390
01:12:55,869 --> 01:13:01,180
winter and performances by the court

1391
01:12:58,329 --> 01:13:06,939
musicians their lives were devoted to

1392
01:13:01,180 --> 01:13:08,890
family worship and decorum princesses

1393
01:13:06,939 --> 01:13:10,599
finish their education at the age of 10

1394
01:13:08,890 --> 01:13:12,700
they were told to read and write

1395
01:13:10,600 --> 01:13:14,920
arithmetic and theology

1396
01:13:12,699 --> 01:13:17,170
Sophia begged her father to let her

1397
01:13:14,920 --> 01:13:21,039
continue to study alongside her brother

1398
01:13:17,170 --> 01:13:23,409
Fyodor their teacher Simeon Polotsk II

1399
01:13:21,039 --> 01:13:25,590
remembered her as curious and clever and

1400
01:13:23,409 --> 01:13:29,380
that she studied philosophy theology

1401
01:13:25,590 --> 01:13:33,960
rhetoric polish and Latin she read

1402
01:13:29,380 --> 01:13:33,960
widely and even wrote her own plays

1403
01:13:35,579 --> 01:13:41,289
Sophia's heroine was poked area a 5th

1404
01:13:38,859 --> 01:13:43,269
century Byzantine princess who'd ruled

1405
01:13:41,289 --> 01:13:46,720
as regent for her younger brother

1406
01:13:43,270 --> 01:13:48,880
it was once Safina dream for herself her

1407
01:13:46,720 --> 01:13:52,440
brother Sofia door had occasionally

1408
01:13:48,880 --> 01:13:55,170
listened to her advice but no more

1409
01:13:52,439 --> 01:13:59,369
his death gave Sophia a long-awaited

1410
01:13:55,170 --> 01:14:02,460
chance Sofia was counting on her

1411
01:13:59,369 --> 01:14:04,380
disabled brother even becoming Tsar then

1412
01:14:02,460 --> 01:14:07,050
she could become the Russian pool

1413
01:14:04,380 --> 01:14:09,300
carrier and rule for him as regent

1414
01:14:07,050 --> 01:14:12,060
but the nourish kins were about to

1415
01:14:09,300 --> 01:14:15,900
thwart this plan by placing Peter not

1416
01:14:12,060 --> 01:14:19,800
even on the throne so Sofia decided to

1417
01:14:15,899 --> 01:14:22,198
intervene her plan centered on the

1418
01:14:19,800 --> 01:14:25,529
Streltsy musketeer units that were the

1419
01:14:22,198 --> 01:14:27,750
core of the Russian standing army there

1420
01:14:25,529 --> 01:14:30,198
were twenty six regiments twenty-two and

1421
01:14:27,750 --> 01:14:32,880
a half thousand men stationed in Moscow

1422
01:14:30,198 --> 01:14:35,279
their privileges included not having to

1423
01:14:32,880 --> 01:14:37,140
pay taxes and being allowed to carry out

1424
01:14:35,279 --> 01:14:39,899
private business when not on active

1425
01:14:37,140 --> 01:14:41,719
service a private soldier was paid

1426
01:14:39,899 --> 01:14:43,948
between three and five rubles a month

1427
01:14:41,719 --> 01:14:47,609
equivalent to between six hundred and

1428
01:14:43,948 --> 01:14:49,619
one thousand US dollars today an officer

1429
01:14:47,609 --> 01:14:52,229
was paid four times as much between

1430
01:14:49,619 --> 01:14:54,710
fifteen to twenty rubles a month while a

1431
01:14:52,229 --> 01:14:57,448
colonel weigh between 30 and 60 rubles

1432
01:14:54,710 --> 01:14:59,550
some unscrupulous Colonels dipped into

1433
01:14:57,448 --> 01:15:01,939
their soldiers wages to augment their

1434
01:14:59,550 --> 01:15:04,640
own pay

1435
01:15:01,939 --> 01:15:07,339
Streltsy wages were paid irregularly and

1436
01:15:04,640 --> 01:15:08,810
late officers not only skimmed off some

1437
01:15:07,340 --> 01:15:10,940
of their soldiers pay they sometimes

1438
01:15:08,810 --> 01:15:15,260
made them work like serfs on their own

1439
01:15:10,939 --> 01:15:19,609
estates streltsy had been pushed to

1440
01:15:15,260 --> 01:15:23,350
breaking point situation princess Sofia

1441
01:15:19,609 --> 01:15:23,349
plan to use to her advantage

1442
01:15:24,609 --> 01:15:29,869
meanwhile the nourish king's most able

1443
01:15:27,140 --> 01:15:32,450
supporter artem on matveyev had just

1444
01:15:29,869 --> 01:15:34,510
returned to moscow from exile this news

1445
01:15:32,449 --> 01:15:37,189
persuaded Saphir to act without delay

1446
01:15:34,510 --> 01:15:39,590
her supporters told the Streltsy that

1447
01:15:37,189 --> 01:15:46,729
the marushin said poison tsar feodor and

1448
01:15:39,590 --> 01:15:49,340
strangled his son prince even at the

1449
01:15:46,729 --> 01:15:52,489
insistence of patriarch yo Keem princes

1450
01:15:49,340 --> 01:15:54,920
even and Peter both perfectly well was

1451
01:15:52,489 --> 01:15:58,699
shown to the public but the Streltsy

1452
01:15:54,920 --> 01:16:01,039
were out for blood they broke into the

1453
01:15:58,699 --> 01:16:03,889
palace looking for the nourish kings and

1454
01:16:01,039 --> 01:16:06,319
their supporters Prince even hid in a

1455
01:16:03,890 --> 01:16:09,410
corner while Prince Peter clung to

1456
01:16:06,319 --> 01:16:12,049
Ottoman matveyev Streltsy pushed the

1457
01:16:09,409 --> 01:16:13,840
young Prince aside and dragged matveyev

1458
01:16:12,050 --> 01:16:17,050
away

1459
01:16:13,840 --> 01:16:20,760
a servant of the patriarch witnessed the

1460
01:16:17,050 --> 01:16:23,520
revolt and later described the scene

1461
01:16:20,760 --> 01:16:26,770
Ottoman matveyev was hacked to pieces

1462
01:16:23,520 --> 01:16:29,040
boy a uri dul guru cough was dragged

1463
01:16:26,770 --> 01:16:31,840
behind the gates and stabbed to death

1464
01:16:29,039 --> 01:16:34,448
next day his body was also cut into

1465
01:16:31,840 --> 01:16:36,730
pieces the Streltsy ransacked the

1466
01:16:34,448 --> 01:16:39,039
treasury and entered the Tsar's chambers

1467
01:16:36,729 --> 01:16:41,709
with weapons looking for boy our Nobles

1468
01:16:39,039 --> 01:16:43,779
to kill they smashed down a door to the

1469
01:16:41,710 --> 01:16:46,060
patriarchs chambers and threw his

1470
01:16:43,779 --> 01:16:48,988
steward from the window where he hanged

1471
01:16:46,060 --> 01:16:48,989
from the end of a rope

1472
01:16:53,550 --> 01:16:56,699
[Music]

1473
01:16:58,060 --> 01:17:03,390
the Streltsy revolt traumatized young

1474
01:17:00,789 --> 01:17:05,000
Peter he would neither forget nor

1475
01:17:03,390 --> 01:17:08,900
forgive

1476
01:17:05,000 --> 01:17:12,470
[Music]

1477
01:17:08,899 --> 01:17:14,569
the massacre lasted for three days the

1478
01:17:12,470 --> 01:17:17,360
victims included prominent nourishing

1479
01:17:14,569 --> 01:17:20,710
supporters including two of Prince

1480
01:17:17,359 --> 01:17:24,829
Peters uncles - government ministers

1481
01:17:20,710 --> 01:17:30,550
czars personal doctor at about 100

1482
01:17:24,829 --> 01:17:33,019
others May 19th

1483
01:17:30,550 --> 01:17:36,650
Streltsy demanded outstanding wages

1484
01:17:33,020 --> 01:17:39,290
totaling 240 thousand rubles May 23rd

1485
01:17:36,649 --> 01:17:41,629
they presented a new ultimatum to

1486
01:17:39,289 --> 01:17:45,109
Prince's Yvonne and Peter should sit on

1487
01:17:41,630 --> 01:17:48,319
the throne together finally on May 29th

1488
01:17:45,109 --> 01:17:51,170
they made their final demand Princess

1489
01:17:48,319 --> 01:17:55,219
Sofia was to become regent until Peter

1490
01:17:51,170 --> 01:17:58,119
was of age Russia had its princess

1491
01:17:55,220 --> 01:17:58,119
Bulgaria

1492
01:18:07,929 --> 01:18:14,840
sophia was playing with fire just six

1493
01:18:12,948 --> 01:18:16,908
weeks before peter had been proclaimed

1494
01:18:14,840 --> 01:18:19,520
tsar and the Streltsy had sworn

1495
01:18:16,908 --> 01:18:22,099
allegiance to him now they had butchered

1496
01:18:19,520 --> 01:18:26,659
his close relatives and handed power to

1497
01:18:22,100 --> 01:18:29,449
her princess had used armed men to clear

1498
01:18:26,658 --> 01:18:31,698
her path to power she wasn't the last to

1499
01:18:29,448 --> 01:18:36,979
do so in Russia which he went down in

1500
01:18:31,698 --> 01:18:38,689
history as the first the new Princess

1501
01:18:36,979 --> 01:18:41,329
Regent realized her position was

1502
01:18:38,689 --> 01:18:44,750
extremely precarious and moved quickly

1503
01:18:41,329 --> 01:18:46,609
to shore up her support first she

1504
01:18:44,750 --> 01:18:49,460
ordered the payment of all outstanding

1505
01:18:46,609 --> 01:18:51,380
debts to the Streltsy even melting down

1506
01:18:49,460 --> 01:18:56,810
some of the Tsar's silverware to meet

1507
01:18:51,380 --> 01:18:59,659
the cost then Sofia gave all the key

1508
01:18:56,810 --> 01:19:01,429
posts to her allies the ambassador's

1509
01:18:59,658 --> 01:19:03,619
department which handled foreign affairs

1510
01:19:01,429 --> 01:19:07,369
was given to her favorite can foresee

1511
01:19:03,619 --> 01:19:08,779
legal it's in streltsy Reiter cavalry

1512
01:19:07,369 --> 01:19:10,819
and great treasury department's

1513
01:19:08,779 --> 01:19:13,340
effectively control of the army as well

1514
01:19:10,819 --> 01:19:17,920
as state finances were given to count

1515
01:19:13,340 --> 01:19:20,690
even kovarsky nicknamed the windbag

1516
01:19:17,920 --> 01:19:22,880
levansky a veteran general and favorite

1517
01:19:20,689 --> 01:19:24,888
of the Streltsy soon realized that his

1518
01:19:22,880 --> 01:19:28,389
new position gave him almost unlimited

1519
01:19:24,889 --> 01:19:31,550
power the temptation he could not resist

1520
01:19:28,389 --> 01:19:34,670
so began the Kovan chena the bloody

1521
01:19:31,550 --> 01:19:37,130
summer of 1680 - when power in Moscow

1522
01:19:34,670 --> 01:19:40,609
resided with kovarsky and his Streltsy

1523
01:19:37,130 --> 01:19:46,730
troops the Russian capital had been

1524
01:19:40,609 --> 01:19:48,920
occupied by its own army Princess Sophia

1525
01:19:46,729 --> 01:19:50,718
had unleashed a dangerous power struggle

1526
01:19:48,920 --> 01:19:53,630
that threatened to topple Russia into

1527
01:19:50,719 --> 01:19:56,300
anarchy thankfully the Streltsy were not

1528
01:19:53,630 --> 01:20:00,039
the only military force in Russia now

1529
01:19:56,300 --> 01:20:00,039
she would turn to the nobles

1530
01:20:02,789 --> 01:20:05,800
[Music]

1531
01:20:04,179 --> 01:20:08,408
on the day of the Feast of the

1532
01:20:05,800 --> 01:20:10,270
Transfiguration Princess Regent Saphir

1533
01:20:08,408 --> 01:20:12,579
left the kremlin under the guise of

1534
01:20:10,270 --> 01:20:17,500
visiting the Donskoy monastery just

1535
01:20:12,579 --> 01:20:19,719
across the Moscow River but instead she

1536
01:20:17,500 --> 01:20:22,149
left the city and made for the monastery

1537
01:20:19,719 --> 01:20:31,480
of Trinity st. sergius where she planned

1538
01:20:22,149 --> 01:20:33,609
to take refuge from the safety of the

1539
01:20:31,479 --> 01:20:36,339
monastery Sofia sent letters across the

1540
01:20:33,609 --> 01:20:39,069
land condemning this new strut see

1541
01:20:36,340 --> 01:20:43,779
revolt and summoning all the oil Nobles

1542
01:20:39,069 --> 01:20:46,000
to her aid by the end of the 17th

1543
01:20:43,779 --> 01:20:47,979
century the nobleman's army or militia

1544
01:20:46,000 --> 01:20:50,408
totalled fourteen and a half thousand

1545
01:20:47,979 --> 01:20:55,809
men this amounted to ten percent of the

1546
01:20:50,408 --> 01:20:58,448
army these men had received their lands

1547
01:20:55,810 --> 01:21:00,250
in exchange for military service each

1548
01:20:58,448 --> 01:21:02,259
year they were expected to turn out for

1549
01:21:00,250 --> 01:21:04,510
review mounted on their own horse

1550
01:21:02,260 --> 01:21:08,530
equipped with their own arms and

1551
01:21:04,510 --> 01:21:10,300
accompanied by several armed serfs they

1552
01:21:08,529 --> 01:21:15,250
were obligated to join the army on

1553
01:21:10,300 --> 01:21:18,909
campaign whenever required main part of

1554
01:21:15,250 --> 01:21:21,880
the army 77,000 men or 50 percent the so

1555
01:21:18,908 --> 01:21:24,339
called regiments of the new order these

1556
01:21:21,880 --> 01:21:26,170
were writer Dragoon and hasar cavalry

1557
01:21:24,340 --> 01:21:30,039
units made up mostly of foreign

1558
01:21:26,170 --> 01:21:33,039
mercenaries the troops now in revolt the

1559
01:21:30,039 --> 01:21:34,260
Streltsy Musketeers made up 35 percent

1560
01:21:33,039 --> 01:21:38,720
of the army

1561
01:21:34,260 --> 01:21:38,720
[Music]

1562
01:21:39,929 --> 01:21:44,510
time was running out focus on ski

1563
01:21:44,649 --> 01:21:56,109
his arrogant behavior had made him many

1564
01:21:47,649 --> 01:21:57,939
powerful enemies the princess Regents

1565
01:21:56,109 --> 01:21:59,679
agents caught him in a tavern and

1566
01:21:57,939 --> 01:22:00,369
brought him to their mistress outside

1567
01:21:59,680 --> 01:22:03,880
Moscow

1568
01:22:00,369 --> 01:22:03,880
[Music]

1569
01:22:06,890 --> 01:22:11,390
he was pushed to his knees before the

1570
01:22:08,869 --> 01:22:16,670
princess Regent read his crimes of

1571
01:22:11,390 --> 01:22:18,110
treason and mutiny and beheaded his

1572
01:22:16,670 --> 01:22:20,149
position as head of the Streltsy

1573
01:22:18,109 --> 01:22:20,719
department we'll go to Fyodor Shukla

1574
01:22:20,149 --> 01:22:24,369
Vitti

1575
01:22:20,720 --> 01:22:24,369
Sophia's new favorite

1576
01:22:33,630 --> 01:22:39,819
the Streltsy revolt was over Princess

1577
01:22:37,659 --> 01:22:41,739
Regent returned to Moscow and took

1578
01:22:39,819 --> 01:22:44,829
residence in the Kremlin with Tsar even

1579
01:22:41,739 --> 01:22:49,199
while Peter regarded as the juniors are

1580
01:22:44,829 --> 01:22:49,199
moved to the palace of preobrazhenskaya

1581
01:22:52,920 --> 01:23:00,649
a villager preobrazhenskaya covered an

1582
01:22:56,130 --> 01:23:03,090
area 22 dirtiness or 24 hectares a

1583
01:23:00,649 --> 01:23:05,339
wooden Palace had been built there 20

1584
01:23:03,090 --> 01:23:08,819
years earlier and was the furthest royal

1585
01:23:05,340 --> 01:23:10,800
residence from the Kremlin Moscow's

1586
01:23:08,819 --> 01:23:14,279
foreign quarter lay between the Kremlin

1587
01:23:10,800 --> 01:23:16,320
and the palace at preobrazhenskaya the

1588
01:23:14,279 --> 01:23:18,988
young Tsar Peter devoted himself to

1589
01:23:16,319 --> 01:23:22,170
wargames forming the local boys into

1590
01:23:18,988 --> 01:23:24,500
so-called toy regiments they would one

1591
01:23:22,170 --> 01:23:28,679
day grow up to become a famous

1592
01:23:24,500 --> 01:23:30,810
preobrazhensky guards regiments fragile

1593
01:23:28,679 --> 01:23:32,190
balance was achieved with tsar peter and

1594
01:23:30,810 --> 01:23:35,130
his mother living at their country

1595
01:23:32,189 --> 01:23:39,928
palace and Sophia and Tsar Ivan living

1596
01:23:35,130 --> 01:23:41,789
in the Kremlin a double throne was made

1597
01:23:39,929 --> 01:23:44,100
for the joint rulers with a small window

1598
01:23:41,789 --> 01:23:46,469
at the back during audiences with

1599
01:23:44,100 --> 01:23:48,060
foreign ambassadors advisers whispered

1600
01:23:46,469 --> 01:23:50,850
to the young Tsar's through the window

1601
01:23:48,060 --> 01:23:53,130
telling them what to say Peter was

1602
01:23:50,850 --> 01:23:55,650
clever but still young while it was much

1603
01:23:53,130 --> 01:23:57,510
harder for his half-brother even like

1604
01:23:55,649 --> 01:23:59,849
many of the children from Zara Lexi's

1605
01:23:57,510 --> 01:24:02,760
first marriage even suffered from poor

1606
01:23:59,850 --> 01:24:05,699
health possibly linked to scurvy leaving

1607
01:24:02,760 --> 01:24:08,070
him weak and lethargic he also had some

1608
01:24:05,698 --> 01:24:10,919
form of intellectual disability and was

1609
01:24:08,069 --> 01:24:12,869
almost blind these severe health issues

1610
01:24:10,920 --> 01:24:18,690
left him with little enthusiasm or

1611
01:24:12,869 --> 01:24:21,269
interest in governing the state so

1612
01:24:18,689 --> 01:24:23,250
Princess Regent Sophia ruled with the

1613
01:24:21,270 --> 01:24:25,940
help of her favorite and lover Vasily

1614
01:24:23,250 --> 01:24:28,529
galitsin who now bore the grand title

1615
01:24:25,939 --> 01:24:32,750
guardian of the Tsar's Great Seal and

1616
01:24:28,529 --> 01:24:32,750
the state's great ambassadorial affairs

1617
01:24:33,550 --> 01:24:38,449
with Sophia's backing galitsin worked

1618
01:24:36,229 --> 01:24:40,159
out a breath-taking program of reform

1619
01:24:38,449 --> 01:24:43,250
that was a hundred and fifty years ahead

1620
01:24:40,159 --> 01:24:48,170
of its time it's starting point was the

1621
01:24:43,250 --> 01:24:50,300
abolition of serfdom but such radical

1622
01:24:48,170 --> 01:24:53,210
ideas were impossible to realize at that

1623
01:24:50,300 --> 01:24:55,070
time any attempt to free the serfs would

1624
01:24:53,210 --> 01:25:00,920
have triggered a wholesale revolt of the

1625
01:24:55,069 --> 01:25:03,529
nobles contemporaries called Vasily

1626
01:25:00,920 --> 01:25:06,020
galitsin the great he favored

1627
01:25:03,529 --> 01:25:08,929
western-style reforms spoke five

1628
01:25:06,020 --> 01:25:11,170
languages fluently was a superb diplomat

1629
01:25:08,930 --> 01:25:13,640
and had a great breadth of knowledge

1630
01:25:11,170 --> 01:25:17,539
what's more he was said to be the most

1631
01:25:13,640 --> 01:25:19,850
handsome man in Moscow sophia was

1632
01:25:17,539 --> 01:25:26,479
completely in love with him and wrote to

1633
01:25:19,850 --> 01:25:28,700
him almost every day in her letters she

1634
01:25:26,479 --> 01:25:31,219
told him how she prayed for his good

1635
01:25:28,699 --> 01:25:34,460
health and urged him not to exhaust

1636
01:25:31,220 --> 01:25:37,090
himself with endless work her gratitude

1637
01:25:34,460 --> 01:25:40,310
she wrote was impossible to express

1638
01:25:37,090 --> 01:25:44,180
without him none of her achievements

1639
01:25:40,310 --> 01:25:45,920
would have been possible galitsin urged

1640
01:25:44,180 --> 01:25:48,500
Sophia to continue her brother

1641
01:25:45,920 --> 01:25:51,649
Theodore's reforms but she never fully

1642
01:25:48,500 --> 01:25:53,869
grasped the need for such changes what's

1643
01:25:51,649 --> 01:25:55,349
more she faced stubborn opposition from

1644
01:25:53,869 --> 01:25:57,559
the boy our Nobles

1645
01:25:55,350 --> 01:26:00,229
[Music]

1646
01:25:57,559 --> 01:26:02,059
nevertheless it was Sofia who opened

1647
01:26:00,229 --> 01:26:04,458
Russia's first Institute of higher

1648
01:26:02,059 --> 01:26:07,219
education the Slavonic Greek Latin

1649
01:26:04,458 --> 01:26:10,849
Academy based on the Institute founded

1650
01:26:07,219 --> 01:26:13,099
by Fyodor his first professors were two

1651
01:26:10,849 --> 01:26:19,309
Greek brothers both of them renowned

1652
01:26:13,099 --> 01:26:21,649
scholars a degree took 12 years the main

1653
01:26:19,309 --> 01:26:27,498
disciplines were Greek Latin grammar

1654
01:26:21,649 --> 01:26:29,749
rhetoric philosophy and theology the

1655
01:26:27,498 --> 01:26:33,019
Academy was situated in the buildings of

1656
01:26:29,748 --> 01:26:34,550
the Zionist Spassky monastery today it

1657
01:26:33,019 --> 01:26:37,639
is the site of the Russian State

1658
01:26:34,550 --> 01:26:39,708
University for the Humanities the

1659
01:26:37,639 --> 01:26:42,378
Academy later spawned the Lomonosov

1660
01:26:39,708 --> 01:26:44,599
Moscow State University the Russian

1661
01:26:42,378 --> 01:26:51,618
Academy of Sciences and the Moscow

1662
01:26:44,599 --> 01:26:53,958
theological Academy in 1686 negotiations

1663
01:26:51,618 --> 01:26:56,929
began with Russia's Western neighbor the

1664
01:26:53,958 --> 01:26:58,550
polish-lithuanian Commonwealth galitsin

1665
01:26:56,929 --> 01:27:00,949
led a series of long and grueling

1666
01:26:58,550 --> 01:27:03,199
discussions which eventually led to the

1667
01:27:00,948 --> 01:27:06,918
signing of a treaty of eternal peace in

1668
01:27:03,198 --> 01:27:09,228
Moscow this bound the kingdoms of

1669
01:27:06,918 --> 01:27:12,019
Princess regent Sophia and Qingyuan

1670
01:27:09,229 --> 01:27:13,729
sobieski an alliance and was to prove

1671
01:27:12,019 --> 01:27:17,260
the crowning achievement of Russian

1672
01:27:13,729 --> 01:27:19,668
foreign policy in the 17th century

1673
01:27:17,260 --> 01:27:23,179
Russia's gains included the regions

1674
01:27:19,668 --> 01:27:25,939
around Smolensk and China cough as well

1675
01:27:23,179 --> 01:27:27,168
as parts of eastern Ukraine and the

1676
01:27:25,939 --> 01:27:31,579
cities of Zaporozhye

1677
01:27:27,168 --> 01:27:34,729
and Kiev the Treaty of eternal peace

1678
01:27:31,578 --> 01:27:37,338
contained one additional clause Russia

1679
01:27:34,729 --> 01:27:38,899
was to join the holy League military

1680
01:27:37,338 --> 01:27:42,139
alliance against the Turkish Ottoman

1681
01:27:38,899 --> 01:27:43,699
Empire this obliged Russia to go to war

1682
01:27:42,139 --> 01:27:45,969
against the Crimean Khanate

1683
01:27:43,698 --> 01:27:49,279
an ottoman ally

1684
01:27:45,969 --> 01:27:53,050
but galitsin was not in favor of war and

1685
01:27:49,279 --> 01:27:53,050
wanted to delay as long as possible

1686
01:27:54,789 --> 01:27:59,600
despite his misgivings Saphir placed

1687
01:27:57,649 --> 01:28:02,329
galitsin in charge of the army for the

1688
01:27:59,600 --> 01:28:04,310
forthcoming campaign she dreamed of

1689
01:28:02,329 --> 01:28:06,649
great victories that would unite Russia

1690
01:28:04,310 --> 01:28:09,890
behind her and cover her beloved

1691
01:28:06,649 --> 01:28:12,139
galitsin in glory no sooner had he left

1692
01:28:09,890 --> 01:28:17,660
for the front and Sofia began to write

1693
01:28:12,140 --> 01:28:19,400
to him in her letters she called

1694
01:28:17,659 --> 01:28:22,309
galitsin by his pet name

1695
01:28:19,399 --> 01:28:25,399
vasenka and worried endlessly about his

1696
01:28:22,310 --> 01:28:27,890
safety it was only when she embraced him

1697
01:28:25,399 --> 01:28:33,189
with her own arms she wrote that she

1698
01:28:27,890 --> 01:28:35,720
would no peace again in May 1687 a

1699
01:28:33,189 --> 01:28:38,210
100,000 strong Russian army joined

1700
01:28:35,720 --> 01:28:40,369
forces with Don and Zaporozhye cossacks

1701
01:28:38,210 --> 01:28:42,819
and advanced towards the Isthmus of

1702
01:28:40,369 --> 01:28:42,819
Perico

1703
01:28:43,800 --> 01:28:50,460
they found the fields had all been burnt

1704
01:28:46,199 --> 01:28:52,559
leaving no food for the horses some said

1705
01:28:50,460 --> 01:28:54,569
it was the Cossacks not the enemy who

1706
01:28:52,560 --> 01:28:59,640
burnt the land in fear of Russia's

1707
01:28:54,569 --> 01:29:01,049
growing power campaign was cut short the

1708
01:28:59,640 --> 01:29:03,630
next year an even bigger

1709
01:29:01,050 --> 01:29:05,789
Russian army advanced South Wars only

1710
01:29:03,630 --> 01:29:08,069
battle was fought on May 15th after

1711
01:29:05,789 --> 01:29:14,069
which the Tatars retreated and the

1712
01:29:08,069 --> 01:29:16,229
Russians advanced America when the news

1713
01:29:14,069 --> 01:29:18,989
reached Sophia in Moscow she was

1714
01:29:16,229 --> 01:29:21,599
ecstatic her letters back to galitsin

1715
01:29:18,989 --> 01:29:23,579
overflowed with love and adulation and

1716
01:29:21,600 --> 01:29:25,320
longing for the day they would be

1717
01:29:23,579 --> 01:29:28,399
reunited

1718
01:29:25,319 --> 01:29:28,398
[Music]

1719
01:29:28,529 --> 01:29:33,719
they're litsen however could advance no

1720
01:29:31,199 --> 01:29:36,239
further in fact he was already on his

1721
01:29:33,720 --> 01:29:38,550
way back to Moscow the scorched earth

1722
01:29:36,239 --> 01:29:40,920
tactics of his enemy had starved his

1723
01:29:38,550 --> 01:29:43,409
army of food and water leading to the

1724
01:29:40,920 --> 01:29:46,199
loss of half his men even though there

1725
01:29:43,409 --> 01:29:51,019
had been no major battles the campaign

1726
01:29:46,199 --> 01:29:51,019
was in fact a complete disaster

1727
01:29:55,479 --> 01:30:01,549
ghal it's ins role in this catastrophic

1728
01:29:57,890 --> 01:30:02,900
defeat would not be forgotten later when

1729
01:30:01,550 --> 01:30:04,850
he was sent into exile

1730
01:30:02,899 --> 01:30:06,649
one of the main charges against him

1731
01:30:04,850 --> 01:30:09,340
would be his ruinous handling of the

1732
01:30:06,649 --> 01:30:09,339
Crimean campaign

1733
01:30:16,479 --> 01:30:22,019
[Music]

1734
01:30:19,409 --> 01:30:24,779
on the eve of the day back he suffered

1735
01:30:22,020 --> 01:30:26,850
the worst blow of all the betrayal of

1736
01:30:24,779 --> 01:30:28,829
his beloved

1737
01:30:26,850 --> 01:30:30,630
[Music]

1738
01:30:28,829 --> 01:30:33,989
while colet's him was away fighting

1739
01:30:30,630 --> 01:30:36,500
Sophia had fallen for another man the

1740
01:30:33,989 --> 01:30:39,119
cynical and scheming Fyodor Shak levity

1741
01:30:36,500 --> 01:30:40,920
to flatter Sophia he had brought the

1742
01:30:39,119 --> 01:30:43,500
famous Ukrainian artist Alexander

1743
01:30:40,920 --> 01:30:45,989
Terrace image to Moscow to paint her

1744
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:48,750
portrait he depicted the princess

1745
01:30:45,989 --> 01:30:53,300
wearing a regal crown sceptre in hand

1746
01:30:48,750 --> 01:30:53,300
and behind her a double-headed eagle

1747
01:30:55,359 --> 01:31:00,899
[Music]

1748
01:30:56,569 --> 01:31:03,210
Sofia adored it she ordered the portrait

1749
01:31:00,899 --> 01:31:04,649
to be engraved in copper so Coffey's

1750
01:31:03,210 --> 01:31:12,779
could be printed and sent to all the

1751
01:31:04,649 --> 01:31:15,689
courts of Europe by now Sofia was

1752
01:31:12,779 --> 01:31:18,509
styling herself by the grace of God a

1753
01:31:15,689 --> 01:31:22,379
great sovereign lady the pious tsarevna

1754
01:31:18,510 --> 01:31:24,270
great princess Sofia alekseevna autocrat

1755
01:31:22,380 --> 01:31:27,239
of the great little and the white

1756
01:31:24,270 --> 01:31:29,670
Russia's at state ceremonies and

1757
01:31:27,239 --> 01:31:31,949
ambassadorial receptions she no longer

1758
01:31:29,670 --> 01:31:36,029
felt the need to stand at a respectful

1759
01:31:31,949 --> 01:31:38,519
distance behind the Tsar's throne it was

1760
01:31:36,029 --> 01:31:41,840
said her inspiration was the English

1761
01:31:38,520 --> 01:31:41,840
Queen Elizabeth the first

1762
01:31:44,729 --> 01:31:50,468
as soon as our even turned 18 Sophia

1763
01:31:48,429 --> 01:31:55,149
arranged his marriage to the 20 year old

1764
01:31:50,469 --> 01:31:57,550
Roscoe via saltykova Sophia was counting

1765
01:31:55,149 --> 01:31:59,019
on the birth of a male heir to cement

1766
01:31:57,550 --> 01:32:03,489
the Millis laughs key branch of the

1767
01:31:59,020 --> 01:32:05,639
Romanov dynasty in power rival Naru shin

1768
01:32:03,488 --> 01:32:08,859
branch had of course had the same idea

1769
01:32:05,639 --> 01:32:11,618
Peter was not quite 17 when his mother

1770
01:32:08,859 --> 01:32:13,960
the Dowager Sorensen Natalya married him

1771
01:32:11,618 --> 01:32:16,420
off to the 19 year old year takia la

1772
01:32:13,960 --> 01:32:19,899
pagina she was neither clever nor

1773
01:32:16,420 --> 01:32:21,460
educated but healthy the outcome of

1774
01:32:19,899 --> 01:32:24,158
these marriages would shape the future

1775
01:32:21,460 --> 01:32:24,609
of the Romanov dynasty for generations

1776
01:32:24,158 --> 01:32:26,429
to come

1777
01:32:24,609 --> 01:32:29,019
[Music]

1778
01:32:26,429 --> 01:32:31,480
Yvonne inpress kavya had five daughters

1779
01:32:29,020 --> 01:32:35,650
but only three survived infancy

1780
01:32:31,479 --> 01:32:38,769
yekaterina Anna Empress Kavya and her

1781
01:32:35,649 --> 01:32:41,019
later became Empress of Russia the

1782
01:32:38,770 --> 01:32:42,909
Catarina's daughter anna leopoldovna

1783
01:32:41,020 --> 01:32:45,190
who came region for the young even the

1784
01:32:42,908 --> 01:32:48,969
sixth but he was the last male of the

1785
01:32:45,189 --> 01:32:51,460
Romanoff Millis laughs keyline Peter and

1786
01:32:48,969 --> 01:32:54,130
Yaya Kia had three sons but only the

1787
01:32:51,460 --> 01:32:56,710
eldest Alexei built his son became

1788
01:32:54,130 --> 01:33:00,989
Emperor Peter the second but he was the

1789
01:32:56,710 --> 01:33:00,989
last mayor of the romanovna Ruskin line

1790
01:33:01,560 --> 01:33:08,980
on May 30th 1689 tsar peter came of age

1791
01:33:06,238 --> 01:33:11,468
Sophia was now supposed to step down as

1792
01:33:08,979 --> 01:33:14,979
regent but she had no intention of

1793
01:33:11,469 --> 01:33:17,139
giving up power instead Sackler VT began

1794
01:33:14,979 --> 01:33:19,539
spreading false rumors amongst the

1795
01:33:17,139 --> 01:33:21,159
Streltsy regiments claiming that the

1796
01:33:19,539 --> 01:33:24,279
nourish Kings planned to assassinate

1797
01:33:21,158 --> 01:33:26,079
Sophia and Tsar even and send the

1798
01:33:24,279 --> 01:33:28,710
Streltsy away to garrison remote

1799
01:33:26,079 --> 01:33:28,710
fortresses

1800
01:33:30,579 --> 01:33:36,949
the Streltsy were unhappy but would not

1801
01:33:33,590 --> 01:33:38,630
risk open revolt then chat levity let it

1802
01:33:36,949 --> 01:33:41,929
be known that those who joined his

1803
01:33:38,630 --> 01:33:44,869
conspiracy would be paid two rubles for

1804
01:33:41,930 --> 01:33:47,270
each private 10 for each officer 100 for

1805
01:33:44,869 --> 01:33:51,199
each colonel plus the right to plunder

1806
01:33:47,270 --> 01:33:54,530
the houses of their victims Moscow was

1807
01:33:51,199 --> 01:33:57,079
on a knife edge on the night of August

1808
01:33:54,529 --> 01:33:59,479
7th loyal streltsy officers arrived at

1809
01:33:57,079 --> 01:34:01,100
peter's palace they told him that check

1810
01:33:59,479 --> 01:34:04,419
Levite II was planning to use the

1811
01:34:01,100 --> 01:34:07,480
Streltsy to murder Peter and his family

1812
01:34:04,420 --> 01:34:10,250
he's our reacted with horror and outrage

1813
01:34:07,479 --> 01:34:12,559
before fleeing to safety he wrote a

1814
01:34:10,250 --> 01:34:17,300
letter to even his brother and joint

1815
01:34:12,560 --> 01:34:19,970
ruler our sister Princess Sofia runs our

1816
01:34:17,300 --> 01:34:21,860
country as she wills bandits like

1817
01:34:19,970 --> 01:34:24,829
Chantal of VT and his friends plan to

1818
01:34:21,859 --> 01:34:27,049
murder us and our mothers now brothers

1819
01:34:24,829 --> 01:34:30,109
are we shall rule our country on our own

1820
01:34:27,050 --> 01:34:32,750
since we are both men our sister has

1821
01:34:30,109 --> 01:34:34,349
nothing more to do it it is shameful

1822
01:34:32,750 --> 01:34:38,420
czar to be men

1823
01:34:34,350 --> 01:34:38,420
to have someone else rule in our place

1824
01:34:44,429 --> 01:34:49,019
that evening princess Sofia received a

1825
01:34:47,368 --> 01:34:50,969
report that Peters Palace said

1826
01:34:49,019 --> 01:34:54,539
preobrazhenskaya was empty

1827
01:34:50,969 --> 01:34:57,300
Tsar Peter his mother pregnant wife and

1828
01:34:54,538 --> 01:34:59,998
entire court had left for the monastery

1829
01:34:57,300 --> 01:35:02,939
of Trinity sent Sergius his so-called

1830
01:34:59,998 --> 01:35:05,609
toy regiments now composed of young men

1831
01:35:02,939 --> 01:35:08,130
followed him there together with one

1832
01:35:05,609 --> 01:35:11,069
loyal Streltsy regiment

1833
01:35:08,130 --> 01:35:14,529
rumors began to fly around Moscow

1834
01:35:11,069 --> 01:35:24,729
everyone was on edge but quickly the

1835
01:35:14,529 --> 01:35:25,449
mood began to turn against Sofia August

1836
01:35:24,729 --> 01:35:28,659
13th

1837
01:35:25,449 --> 01:35:31,689
Sofia sent an emissary to Peter foyer

1838
01:35:28,659 --> 01:35:34,510
even throw you off the young Tsar would

1839
01:35:31,689 --> 01:35:37,149
not negotiate August 16th

1840
01:35:34,510 --> 01:35:40,840
booyah Peter preserve ski visited the

1841
01:35:37,149 --> 01:35:41,349
monastery with the same result August

1842
01:35:40,840 --> 01:35:44,230
20th

1843
01:35:41,350 --> 01:35:48,010
Sofia begged patriarch yo Akeem to visit

1844
01:35:44,229 --> 01:35:51,488
Peter he went but did not return he

1845
01:35:48,010 --> 01:35:53,860
stayed with Peter boyars officials and

1846
01:35:51,488 --> 01:35:59,019
even Streltsy began to flock to Peter's

1847
01:35:53,859 --> 01:36:01,659
rival court August 27th Sofia left to

1848
01:35:59,020 --> 01:36:03,580
negotiate with her brother in person she

1849
01:36:01,659 --> 01:36:06,219
realized that she shouldn't that her

1850
01:36:03,579 --> 01:36:11,529
humiliation would likely be in vain but

1851
01:36:06,219 --> 01:36:13,659
she could not simply sit and wait six

1852
01:36:11,529 --> 01:36:15,279
miles from the monastery near the spot

1853
01:36:13,659 --> 01:36:17,920
where she had had the Streltsy leader

1854
01:36:15,279 --> 01:36:20,949
kovarsky executed seven years before he

1855
01:36:17,920 --> 01:36:24,579
was meant by Toria cooled off her own

1856
01:36:20,949 --> 01:36:28,979
emissary from just two weeks ago he

1857
01:36:24,579 --> 01:36:28,979
handed her Peter's order to turn back

1858
01:36:29,010 --> 01:36:34,090
[Music]

1859
01:36:30,849 --> 01:36:36,099
August 31st Sofia returned to the

1860
01:36:34,090 --> 01:36:39,069
Kremlin where she gathered the Streltsy

1861
01:36:36,099 --> 01:36:41,440
in the square she told them that Peters

1862
01:36:39,069 --> 01:36:44,198
advisors sought to divide them by

1863
01:36:41,439 --> 01:36:45,729
inventing plots against Peters life but

1864
01:36:44,198 --> 01:36:51,689
that she was confident of their loyalty

1865
01:36:45,729 --> 01:36:55,089
to her her speech made little impact

1866
01:36:51,689 --> 01:37:01,059
only loyal Schack levity remained by her

1867
01:36:55,090 --> 01:37:03,429
side September 4th foreign regiments

1868
01:37:01,060 --> 01:37:08,500
under General Gordon went over to Peters

1869
01:37:03,429 --> 01:37:11,170
side September 6 streltsy arrests in

1870
01:37:08,500 --> 01:37:14,819
feodosia cavite and took him to Peter

1871
01:37:11,170 --> 01:37:14,819
for sentencing

1872
01:37:20,279 --> 01:37:23,349
[Music]

1873
01:37:23,590 --> 01:37:29,449
September 7th a Sealy galitsin came to

1874
01:37:26,869 --> 01:37:32,689
see Peter the Czar refused to meet him

1875
01:37:29,448 --> 01:37:35,658
and sent him into exile September 8th

1876
01:37:32,689 --> 01:37:38,629
the title of Tsarevna royal princess was

1877
01:37:35,658 --> 01:37:39,198
officially stripped from Sofia September

1878
01:37:38,630 --> 01:37:41,480
9th

1879
01:37:39,198 --> 01:37:43,428
Troy Haku Roth informs a fear of the

1880
01:37:41,479 --> 01:37:45,289
Tsar's well she was to enter the

1881
01:37:43,429 --> 01:37:48,429
monastery of Nova Davichi and remain

1882
01:37:45,289 --> 01:37:48,429
there for the rest of her life

1883
01:37:49,779 --> 01:37:55,090
September 12th shack Lafitte II was

1884
01:37:52,479 --> 01:38:01,089
beheaded by the main road and side the

1885
01:37:55,090 --> 01:38:03,578
Trinity monastry October 16th czars

1886
01:38:01,090 --> 01:38:06,159
Court boyars and army returned to Moscow

1887
01:38:03,578 --> 01:38:09,009
and Peter the first took up the reins of

1888
01:38:06,158 --> 01:38:11,888
government his elder brother even the

1889
01:38:09,010 --> 01:38:14,309
fifth remained joint ruler taking part

1890
01:38:11,889 --> 01:38:18,159
in ceremonies and his strength allowed

1891
01:38:14,309 --> 01:38:20,739
but his health continued to decline soon

1892
01:38:18,158 --> 01:38:23,649
even found it difficult to walk and was

1893
01:38:20,738 --> 01:38:26,919
almost completely blind he died seven

1894
01:38:23,649 --> 01:38:34,960
years later on February the 8th 1696

1895
01:38:26,920 --> 01:38:36,819
aged just 29 Princess Sophia lived under

1896
01:38:34,960 --> 01:38:39,460
guard in a tower of the Nova deechi

1897
01:38:36,819 --> 01:38:41,710
monastery she received food from the

1898
01:38:39,460 --> 01:38:43,389
Tsar's table as well as an allowance of

1899
01:38:41,710 --> 01:38:46,210
two thousand six hundred rubles a year

1900
01:38:43,389 --> 01:38:48,699
the same as the other royal princesses a

1901
01:38:46,210 --> 01:38:53,908
small staff of servants lived with her

1902
01:38:48,698 --> 01:38:53,908
an old nanny few Clark's and nine maids

1903
01:38:55,770 --> 01:38:59,699
for nine years

1904
01:38:57,729 --> 01:39:02,408
Sophia lived quietly in the monastery

1905
01:38:59,698 --> 01:39:05,979
reflecting on her years of power and the

1906
01:39:02,408 --> 01:39:08,799
fate of her two lovers one executed the

1907
01:39:05,979 --> 01:39:11,828
other exile to the north but she also

1908
01:39:08,800 --> 01:39:14,699
continued to intrigue exchanging secret

1909
01:39:11,828 --> 01:39:18,238
letters with her supporters

1910
01:39:14,698 --> 01:39:21,569
from June 16 98 Peter was in Holland

1911
01:39:18,238 --> 01:39:24,839
learning to build ships in the back home

1912
01:39:21,569 --> 01:39:26,819
poor treatment led 4000 streltsy to kill

1913
01:39:24,840 --> 01:39:29,340
their officers and march on Moscow

1914
01:39:26,819 --> 01:39:33,509
intending to restore Saphir to the

1915
01:39:29,340 --> 01:39:35,510
throne they were met by government

1916
01:39:33,510 --> 01:39:38,369
troops the preobrazhenskiy regiment

1917
01:39:35,510 --> 01:39:40,229
seminoff ski regiment the LeFort off

1918
01:39:38,368 --> 01:39:42,208
regiment the foreign regiment under

1919
01:39:40,229 --> 01:39:45,570
general gordon and the nobles militia

1920
01:39:42,208 --> 01:39:48,090
under general Shan the Streltsy were

1921
01:39:45,569 --> 01:39:53,849
defeated at New Jerusalem 30 miles from

1922
01:39:48,090 --> 01:39:56,458
Moscow and reprisals began general Shan

1923
01:39:53,849 --> 01:39:57,809
conducted the initial investigation he

1924
01:39:56,458 --> 01:40:01,170
had a hundred and thirty struts he

1925
01:39:57,809 --> 01:40:07,139
hanged 140 whipped and sent into exile

1926
01:40:01,170 --> 01:40:09,359
and 1960 banished to remote regions but

1927
01:40:07,139 --> 01:40:12,900
in August Peter returned to Moscow and

1928
01:40:09,359 --> 01:40:16,078
renewed the investigation he had another

1929
01:40:12,899 --> 01:40:19,109
2000 strout's he executed and 600 more

1930
01:40:16,078 --> 01:40:20,578
flogged and branded streltsy corpses

1931
01:40:19,109 --> 01:40:23,458
were hung from the walls of the Kremlin

1932
01:40:20,578 --> 01:40:27,149
and Sophia's residence the Nova Davichi

1933
01:40:23,458 --> 01:40:29,550
monastery Streltsy property was

1934
01:40:27,149 --> 01:40:31,439
plundered and even the 16 regiments that

1935
01:40:29,550 --> 01:40:33,860
didn't take part in the revolt were

1936
01:40:31,439 --> 01:40:33,859
disbanded

1937
01:40:45,069 --> 01:40:50,868
Princess Sofia was forced to take the

1938
01:40:47,658 --> 01:40:53,299
veil under the name of Susanna boyars

1939
01:40:50,868 --> 01:40:55,670
close to her were interrogated and then

1940
01:40:53,300 --> 01:40:58,460
banished a distant monasteries her

1941
01:40:55,670 --> 01:41:05,750
allowance was slashed a staff changed

1942
01:40:58,460 --> 01:41:08,270
and security tightened the bodies of

1943
01:41:05,750 --> 01:41:11,948
three Streltsy hung by the window of her

1944
01:41:08,270 --> 01:41:11,949
cell for five months

1945
01:41:12,350 --> 01:41:16,499
[Music]

1946
01:41:25,359 --> 01:41:31,819
once she had struck terror at court won

1947
01:41:29,329 --> 01:41:34,670
the favor of any man she wanted held the

1948
01:41:31,819 --> 01:41:37,069
power to invoke and quell revolts waged

1949
01:41:34,670 --> 01:41:39,859
Wars and concluded brilliant peace

1950
01:41:37,069 --> 01:41:42,229
treaties she dreamed of becoming a real

1951
01:41:39,859 --> 01:41:44,929
ruler like the Byzantine princess

1952
01:41:42,229 --> 01:41:48,139
Bulgaria whose tale had captivated her

1953
01:41:44,930 --> 01:41:50,119
as a child she had defied all the odds

1954
01:41:48,140 --> 01:41:52,760
to make her dream a reality

1955
01:41:50,119 --> 01:41:55,640
becoming the first Russian princess to

1956
01:41:52,760 --> 01:41:59,930
escape her secluded existence the first

1957
01:41:55,640 --> 01:42:03,740
to live life and wield power but in the

1958
01:41:59,930 --> 01:42:04,730
end her downfall was complete for seven

1959
01:42:03,739 --> 01:42:09,670
years of rule

1960
01:42:04,729 --> 01:42:09,669
she spent 15 years in a monastery cell

1961
01:42:10,810 --> 01:42:17,750
she died in 1704 aged 46 and was buried

1962
01:42:15,949 --> 01:42:22,939
in the cemetery of the novodevichy

1963
01:42:17,750 --> 01:42:24,979
monastery by the time of her death great

1964
01:42:22,939 --> 01:42:27,679
changes were sweeping over the country

1965
01:42:24,979 --> 01:42:33,889
she had once ruled changes that would

1966
01:42:27,680 --> 01:42:37,280
transform Russia forever the history of

1967
01:42:33,890 --> 01:42:40,450
the old Russian state was at an end the

1968
01:42:37,279 --> 01:42:43,449
history of a new Russian Empire was

1969
01:42:40,449 --> 01:42:43,449
beginning

1970
01:42:45,789 --> 01:43:01,960
[Music]

1971
01:43:07,909 --> 01:43:38,960
[Music]

1972
01:43:51,569 --> 01:43:58,030
Peter Tsar of Russia was exploring the

1973
01:43:55,359 --> 01:44:01,379
boat sheds when he discovered a type of

1974
01:43:58,029 --> 01:44:01,378
boat he'd never seen before

1975
01:44:04,349 --> 01:44:10,359
he asked the bunt right who had built

1976
01:44:07,149 --> 01:44:13,329
this remarkable craft he was told it was

1977
01:44:10,359 --> 01:44:16,088
an English boat its construction allowed

1978
01:44:13,328 --> 01:44:18,509
it to sail into the wind as well as away

1979
01:44:16,088 --> 01:44:18,510
from it

1980
01:44:19,439 --> 01:44:23,699
Peter was amazed

1981
01:44:27,630 --> 01:44:34,930
all his victories were to defy tradition

1982
01:44:31,500 --> 01:44:38,920
expectation common sense and sometimes

1983
01:44:34,930 --> 01:44:40,780
even the laws of physics the spirit of

1984
01:44:38,920 --> 01:44:44,170
his reign was summed up with the words

1985
01:44:40,779 --> 01:44:47,880
inscribed on his medals even the

1986
01:44:44,170 --> 01:44:47,880
impossible is possible

1987
01:44:57,300 --> 01:45:02,510
Peter was 10 years old when he first

1988
01:44:59,578 --> 01:45:05,009
came face-to-face with a violent mob

1989
01:45:02,510 --> 01:45:07,289
rebels from the Streltsy infantry

1990
01:45:05,010 --> 01:45:10,130
regiments dragged away his friends and

1991
01:45:07,289 --> 01:45:12,840
relatives and butchered them like cattle

1992
01:45:10,130 --> 01:45:16,020
the trauma caused Peter to suffer from

1993
01:45:12,840 --> 01:45:17,429
convulsions for the rest of his life no

1994
01:45:16,020 --> 01:45:20,309
one could have guessed that this

1995
01:45:17,429 --> 01:45:23,368
terrified boy would one day sweep away

1996
01:45:20,309 --> 01:45:25,610
the old Russia and build a new one in

1997
01:45:23,368 --> 01:45:25,609
its place

1998
01:45:26,210 --> 01:45:33,480
chapter 1 Peter the first Alekseyevich

1999
01:45:30,859 --> 01:45:35,819
Peter was the youngest son of tsar

2000
01:45:33,479 --> 01:45:38,549
alexei the first and not expected to

2001
01:45:35,819 --> 01:45:41,158
inherit the throne alexei died when

2002
01:45:38,550 --> 01:45:44,489
peter was just four and was succeeded by

2003
01:45:41,158 --> 01:45:46,589
his eldest son theodore the third but

2004
01:45:44,488 --> 01:45:49,229
when Fyodor died just six years later

2005
01:45:46,590 --> 01:45:51,900
the nobles decided ten-year old Peter

2006
01:45:49,229 --> 01:45:54,359
would succeed him by passing the middle

2007
01:45:51,899 --> 01:45:58,259
brother fifteen year old even was

2008
01:45:54,359 --> 01:46:00,808
severely disabled after a revolt by the

2009
01:45:58,260 --> 01:46:02,670
Streltsy regiments real power fell into

2010
01:46:00,809 --> 01:46:07,730
the hands of their ambitious sister

2011
01:46:02,670 --> 01:46:07,730
Sofia who ruled as Princess Regent

2012
01:46:08,060 --> 01:46:12,750
Peter and his mother the dowager's are

2013
01:46:10,619 --> 01:46:14,789
Ritzer Natalia was sent to live on the

2014
01:46:12,750 --> 01:46:18,449
Preobrazhensky estate on the outskirts

2015
01:46:14,789 --> 01:46:21,060
of Moscow there Peter formed all the

2016
01:46:18,449 --> 01:46:28,470
boys his own age into a toy regiment for

2017
01:46:21,060 --> 01:46:30,870
his elaborate war games young Tsar was

2018
01:46:28,470 --> 01:46:34,110
obsessed with war not just with armies

2019
01:46:30,869 --> 01:46:36,329
but navies too he took his toy regiment

2020
01:46:34,109 --> 01:46:38,519
to Lake Loschiavo 80 miles north of

2021
01:46:36,329 --> 01:46:40,559
Moscow where they learned to build and

2022
01:46:38,520 --> 01:46:43,100
sail boats and experiment with naval

2023
01:46:40,560 --> 01:46:43,100
tactics

2024
01:46:50,960 --> 01:46:55,550
[Music]

2025
01:46:52,720 --> 01:46:58,100
ZAF heater was remarkable in many ways

2026
01:46:55,550 --> 01:47:02,029
but most obviously in physical stature

2027
01:46:58,100 --> 01:47:04,550
at 6 foot 7 or 204 centimeters

2028
01:47:02,029 --> 01:47:07,819
he towered nearly half a meter over most

2029
01:47:04,550 --> 01:47:10,310
of his contemporaries what's more his

2030
01:47:07,819 --> 01:47:13,219
gigantic body had unusual proportions

2031
01:47:10,310 --> 01:47:16,220
he had very long arms with massive hands

2032
01:47:13,220 --> 01:47:22,010
but small feet narrow shoulders and a

2033
01:47:16,220 --> 01:47:24,050
small head his face was handsome but

2034
01:47:22,010 --> 01:47:26,270
became contorted when he was worried or

2035
01:47:24,050 --> 01:47:31,400
anxious the legacy of his childhood

2036
01:47:26,270 --> 01:47:33,770
traumas with his life pita was filled

2037
01:47:31,399 --> 01:47:35,479
with inexhaustible energy he could

2038
01:47:33,770 --> 01:47:37,730
barely stand still and was always

2039
01:47:35,479 --> 01:47:41,239
looking for some exciting activity to

2040
01:47:37,729 --> 01:47:44,209
throw himself into unlike his older

2041
01:47:41,239 --> 01:47:46,279
brothers who didn't get expert tutors he

2042
01:47:44,210 --> 01:47:49,090
didn't even finish his education and

2043
01:47:46,279 --> 01:47:53,059
made spelling mistakes his entire life

2044
01:47:49,090 --> 01:47:54,949
and his mother Tsaritsa Natalia received

2045
01:47:53,060 --> 01:47:58,810
her Restless son's letters from Lake

2046
01:47:54,949 --> 01:48:01,460
Viejo they made her both laugh and cry

2047
01:47:58,810 --> 01:48:04,190
this is a letter for my dearest mother

2048
01:48:01,460 --> 01:48:07,130
czar Itza and great Duchess Natalia

2049
01:48:04,189 --> 01:48:11,719
Carol Avila from her boy petrushka who

2050
01:48:07,130 --> 01:48:15,500
is working constantly thanks to your

2051
01:48:11,720 --> 01:48:17,270
prayers were all well the lake is no

2052
01:48:15,500 --> 01:48:18,850
longer covered with ice and all the

2053
01:48:17,270 --> 01:48:23,690
boats are being repaired

2054
01:48:18,850 --> 01:48:26,690
we need rope though I beg you to send me

2055
01:48:23,689 --> 01:48:28,759
700 fathoms of rope and we'll be able to

2056
01:48:26,689 --> 01:48:33,529
proceed

2057
01:48:28,760 --> 01:48:33,530
with that I ask for your blessing

2058
01:48:38,840 --> 01:48:44,969
Peter was fascinated by everything to do

2059
01:48:41,729 --> 01:48:47,670
with craftsmanship by the age of 18 he

2060
01:48:44,969 --> 01:48:50,189
knew smithing carpentry wood turning and

2061
01:48:47,670 --> 01:48:52,998
shoe making he'd studied military

2062
01:48:50,189 --> 01:48:55,738
science fortification and shipbuilding

2063
01:48:52,998 --> 01:48:59,158
and learned German by speaking to men

2064
01:48:55,738 --> 01:49:01,319
from the foreign quarter this was an

2065
01:48:59,158 --> 01:49:04,469
area of Moscow set aside for foreigners

2066
01:49:01,319 --> 01:49:07,198
established in 1652 when Peter's father

2067
01:49:04,469 --> 01:49:09,510
Tsar Alexei ordered all non Orthodox

2068
01:49:07,198 --> 01:49:12,419
Christians to move to a new settlement

2069
01:49:09,510 --> 01:49:14,248
outside the city the new foreign quarter

2070
01:49:12,420 --> 01:49:17,489
was built just outside the walls along

2071
01:49:14,248 --> 01:49:19,760
the Yauza River it was self governed and

2072
01:49:17,488 --> 01:49:22,678
home to Europeans of all nationalities

2073
01:49:19,760 --> 01:49:24,958
most were military men doctors or

2074
01:49:22,679 --> 01:49:27,979
craftsmen all seeking professional

2075
01:49:24,958 --> 01:49:27,979
opportunities in Russia

2076
01:49:42,260 --> 01:49:48,079
the foreign quarter was just a few miles

2077
01:49:44,969 --> 01:49:50,399
from Peter's palace at preobrazhenskaya

2078
01:49:48,079 --> 01:49:52,710
everyday he saw the spires of its

2079
01:49:50,399 --> 01:49:54,509
Lutheran churches and heard the sounds

2080
01:49:52,710 --> 01:49:57,480
of bustling activity from within its

2081
01:49:54,510 --> 01:49:59,850
walls unable to contain his curiosity

2082
01:49:57,479 --> 01:50:05,189
any longer about how these Europeans

2083
01:49:59,850 --> 01:50:08,420
lived he decided to pay a visit he would

2084
01:50:05,189 --> 01:50:11,568
soon make himself at home

2085
01:50:08,420 --> 01:50:11,569
[Music]

2086
01:50:13,850 --> 01:50:26,440
[Music]

2087
01:50:23,069 --> 01:50:29,170
the Swiss soldier Franz LeFort was an

2088
01:50:26,439 --> 01:50:32,559
experienced officer handsome capable and

2089
01:50:29,170 --> 01:50:35,170
well-connected he was also a society

2090
01:50:32,560 --> 01:50:38,670
host of some note and Tsar Peter became

2091
01:50:35,170 --> 01:50:38,670
a regular guest at his house

2092
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:42,699
France LeFort soon joined the Tsar's

2093
01:50:41,739 --> 01:50:44,739
inner circle

2094
01:50:42,699 --> 01:50:47,679
becoming one of Peters most trusted

2095
01:50:44,739 --> 01:50:50,429
friends and advisors he also introduced

2096
01:50:47,680 --> 01:50:52,840
Peter to his servant Alexander Menshikov

2097
01:50:50,430 --> 01:50:56,770
destined to become another of the Tsar's

2098
01:50:52,840 --> 01:50:58,989
closest confidants and then there was an

2099
01:50:56,770 --> 01:51:03,600
amongst the daughter of a dutch wine

2100
01:50:58,989 --> 01:51:03,599
merchant who soon became peter's lover

2101
01:51:03,810 --> 01:51:08,680
Peter became a regular visitor to the

2102
01:51:06,399 --> 01:51:11,170
foreign Quarter learning to speak German

2103
01:51:08,680 --> 01:51:14,170
and Dutch dancing with girls drinking

2104
01:51:11,170 --> 01:51:18,480
wine and smoking his pipe naturally when

2105
01:51:14,170 --> 01:51:18,480
his mother found out she was horrified

2106
01:51:18,960 --> 01:51:22,119
in the hope of encouraging him to settle

2107
01:51:21,579 --> 01:51:24,760
down

2108
01:51:22,119 --> 01:51:27,279
she decided Peter should get married his

2109
01:51:24,760 --> 01:51:27,940
bride was the 19 year old give Doki aloo

2110
01:51:27,279 --> 01:51:31,269
patina

2111
01:51:27,939 --> 01:51:35,589
she seemed an ideal match Oh beautiful

2112
01:51:31,270 --> 01:51:37,870
sensible and extremely pious but just

2113
01:51:35,590 --> 01:51:41,940
two months after the wedding the new

2114
01:51:37,869 --> 01:51:41,939
husband left for Lake pleasure a vow

2115
01:51:45,670 --> 01:51:51,920
meanwhile unrest was brewing in Moscow

2116
01:51:48,908 --> 01:51:54,319
Princess Regent Sofia was refusing to

2117
01:51:51,920 --> 01:51:56,300
relinquish power and her agents were

2118
01:51:54,319 --> 01:51:58,179
trying to incite Streltsy troops to

2119
01:51:56,300 --> 01:52:03,230
murder Peter and his family at

2120
01:51:58,179 --> 01:52:05,449
preobrazhenskaya when loyal Streltsy

2121
01:52:03,229 --> 01:52:06,799
officers arrived one hot August night to

2122
01:52:05,448 --> 01:52:12,049
warn him of the plot against his life

2123
01:52:06,800 --> 01:52:13,750
Peter lost his nerve he ran out into the

2124
01:52:12,050 --> 01:52:16,400
courtyard wearing only his nightshirt

2125
01:52:13,750 --> 01:52:23,000
mounted a horse and rode off into the

2126
01:52:16,399 --> 01:52:24,710
forest on his own the next morning it

2127
01:52:23,000 --> 01:52:27,529
emerged he'd ridden to the monastery of

2128
01:52:24,710 --> 01:52:30,679
Trinity sent Sergius he sent word for

2129
01:52:27,529 --> 01:52:35,779
his family his court and all boil troops

2130
01:52:30,679 --> 01:52:40,359
to join him there nobles and Generals

2131
01:52:35,779 --> 01:52:43,238
sick of Sophia's rule sided with Peter

2132
01:52:40,359 --> 01:52:45,479
sophia was banished to a monastery and

2133
01:52:43,238 --> 01:52:47,118
peter took power

2134
01:52:45,479 --> 01:52:54,178
[Music]

2135
01:52:47,118 --> 01:52:56,130
his first challenge was war Russia had

2136
01:52:54,179 --> 01:52:58,170
recently agreed to join Poland and

2137
01:52:56,130 --> 01:53:01,019
Austria as a member of the Holy League

2138
01:52:58,170 --> 01:53:03,929
an alliance of Christian states fighting

2139
01:53:01,019 --> 01:53:05,670
the Muslim Ottoman Empire their ultimate

2140
01:53:03,929 --> 01:53:10,319
goal was to capture the Ottoman capital

2141
01:53:05,670 --> 01:53:11,760
Constantinople Sophia had waged two wars

2142
01:53:10,319 --> 01:53:15,538
against the Ottomans ally

2143
01:53:11,760 --> 01:53:17,280
the Crimean Khanate in 1695 Peter

2144
01:53:15,538 --> 01:53:19,768
decided to attack the Ottomans

2145
01:53:17,279 --> 01:53:21,988
themselves targeting the fortress of ass

2146
01:53:19,769 --> 01:53:24,989
off which blocked Russia's access from

2147
01:53:21,988 --> 01:53:26,939
the Don River to the Sea of Azov Peter

2148
01:53:24,988 --> 01:53:29,218
would fulfill his obligation to the Holy

2149
01:53:26,939 --> 01:53:35,939
League while winning a strategic port

2150
01:53:29,219 --> 01:53:38,760
for Russia for the first time the

2151
01:53:35,939 --> 01:53:41,578
Russian army moved not by land but by

2152
01:53:38,760 --> 01:53:44,789
river traveling down the Volga and Dawn

2153
01:53:41,578 --> 01:53:46,439
on specially constructed barges Peter

2154
01:53:44,788 --> 01:53:48,538
himself held the rank of senior

2155
01:53:46,439 --> 01:53:51,569
artillery officer and was the Army's

2156
01:53:48,538 --> 01:53:53,729
chief gunner at first it all seemed just

2157
01:53:51,569 --> 01:53:57,349
a grander version of his wargames and

2158
01:53:53,729 --> 01:54:00,149
mock battles but not for long

2159
01:53:57,349 --> 01:54:02,610
two attempts to storm the fortress were

2160
01:54:00,149 --> 01:54:04,848
repulsed and Peter was forced to order a

2161
01:54:02,609 --> 01:54:04,848
retreat

2162
01:54:10,609 --> 01:54:15,509
all winter new vessels were built and

2163
01:54:13,710 --> 01:54:18,569
launched from Voronezh in the dawn's

2164
01:54:15,510 --> 01:54:21,210
upper reaches by spring of sixty ninety

2165
01:54:18,569 --> 01:54:24,149
six the first Russian fleet consisting

2166
01:54:21,210 --> 01:54:26,159
of two large warships 23 all powered

2167
01:54:24,149 --> 01:54:28,649
galleys and one and a half thousand

2168
01:54:26,159 --> 01:54:31,889
smaller vessels sailed down the dawn to

2169
01:54:28,649 --> 01:54:36,529
as off the fortress was now besieged not

2170
01:54:31,890 --> 01:54:36,530
just from land but from sea as well

2171
01:54:38,649 --> 01:54:42,849
within a month this combined assault

2172
01:54:40,960 --> 01:54:45,250
forced the Turks to surrender the

2173
01:54:42,850 --> 01:54:47,829
fortress the Russians also won their

2174
01:54:45,250 --> 01:54:51,449
first naval victory defeating an ottoman

2175
01:54:47,829 --> 01:54:55,090
fleet that attempted to break the siege

2176
01:54:51,449 --> 01:54:57,069
Peter returned to Moscow in triumph but

2177
01:54:55,090 --> 01:55:00,340
he needed allies to continue his war

2178
01:54:57,069 --> 01:55:03,279
against the Ottoman Empire he formed a

2179
01:55:00,340 --> 01:55:05,470
ground embassy to travel to Europe which

2180
01:55:03,279 --> 01:55:10,319
he would accompany himself traveling

2181
01:55:05,470 --> 01:55:10,320
incognito under the name Peter mikhaylov

2182
01:55:10,560 --> 01:55:15,910
Peter appointed his head steward Fyodor

2183
01:55:13,840 --> 01:55:19,239
Ramadan offski to take over his duties

2184
01:55:15,909 --> 01:55:22,389
in Moscow inferring on him jokingly the

2185
01:55:19,239 --> 01:55:24,939
title Prince Caesar he was entrusted

2186
01:55:22,390 --> 01:55:27,190
with the care of the Tsar's family Czar

2187
01:55:24,939 --> 01:55:31,659
it'sa yebda Kea and this six year old

2188
01:55:27,189 --> 01:55:33,849
son Prince Alexei Peter's actions were

2189
01:55:31,659 --> 01:55:36,449
with that precedent the court was

2190
01:55:33,850 --> 01:55:39,460
horrified but no one dared to object

2191
01:55:36,449 --> 01:55:39,970
many years later the engineer and Rana

2192
01:55:39,460 --> 01:55:43,800
Tov

2193
01:55:39,970 --> 01:55:43,800
described the reaction in his memoirs

2194
01:55:44,579 --> 01:55:50,590
who ever heard or read of a ruler who

2195
01:55:47,800 --> 01:55:53,560
having taken the throne left behind his

2196
01:55:50,590 --> 01:55:56,560
crown and scepter entrusted rule to one

2197
01:55:53,560 --> 01:55:59,590
of his nobles and left to wander through

2198
01:55:56,560 --> 01:56:04,590
strange lands it was completely unheard

2199
01:55:59,590 --> 01:56:04,590
of but this is what happened in Russia

2200
01:56:09,659 --> 01:56:14,519
at last bazaar got to see the world that

2201
01:56:12,630 --> 01:56:18,630
he had read and dreamed about since his

2202
01:56:14,520 --> 01:56:20,670
youth Europe fascinated Peter not so

2203
01:56:18,630 --> 01:56:22,800
much the art or the music which rather

2204
01:56:20,670 --> 01:56:26,369
bored him but everything to do with

2205
01:56:22,800 --> 01:56:28,079
science technology and industry and he

2206
01:56:26,369 --> 01:56:34,079
wanted to try everything with his own

2207
01:56:28,079 --> 01:56:36,539
hands in the netherlands peter mikhaylov

2208
01:56:34,079 --> 01:56:39,529
got a job as a carpenter in a shipyard

2209
01:56:36,539 --> 01:56:42,539
to learn how the dutch build their ships

2210
01:56:39,529 --> 01:56:45,059
in england he also visited the docks to

2211
01:56:42,539 --> 01:56:47,399
study shipbuilding foreigners didn't

2212
01:56:45,060 --> 01:56:49,890
know what to make of him this strange

2213
01:56:47,399 --> 01:56:52,979
gangly Russian who wanted to go

2214
01:56:49,890 --> 01:56:55,400
everywhere see everything and tried for

2215
01:56:52,979 --> 01:56:55,399
himself

2216
01:56:55,489 --> 01:57:00,559
[Music]

2217
01:56:57,800 --> 01:57:03,079
he was curious about everything how

2218
01:57:00,560 --> 01:57:06,320
whales were hunted how the sick were

2219
01:57:03,079 --> 01:57:08,689
treated how paper was made wherever he

2220
01:57:06,319 --> 01:57:10,880
went he tried to persuade specialists to

2221
01:57:08,689 --> 01:57:11,869
move to Russia to share their expertise

2222
01:57:10,880 --> 01:57:17,090
with his people

2223
01:57:11,869 --> 01:57:18,979
some even agreed but Peters main goal to

2224
01:57:17,090 --> 01:57:22,220
find allies for his war against the

2225
01:57:18,979 --> 01:57:24,439
Turks failed Europe's great powers were

2226
01:57:22,220 --> 01:57:26,140
too busy preparing for their own war to

2227
01:57:24,439 --> 01:57:28,969
settle the issue of Spanish Succession

2228
01:57:26,140 --> 01:57:35,390
no one had time for an alliance with

2229
01:57:28,970 --> 01:57:37,640
far-off Russia but in Poland Peter did

2230
01:57:35,390 --> 01:57:41,060
manage to find an ally to fight Sweden

2231
01:57:37,640 --> 01:57:42,890
his northern rifle augustus king of the

2232
01:57:41,060 --> 01:57:45,650
Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth and

2233
01:57:42,890 --> 01:57:50,869
elector of Saxony was said to be the

2234
01:57:45,649 --> 01:57:54,189
strongest man in Europe when the two

2235
01:57:50,869 --> 01:57:56,960
rulers met they agreed to dine together

2236
01:57:54,189 --> 01:57:59,210
one observer later recalled that when

2237
01:57:56,960 --> 01:58:01,460
King Augustus saw that a silver dish on

2238
01:57:59,210 --> 01:58:03,529
the table wasn't clean he picked it up

2239
01:58:01,460 --> 01:58:07,970
and rolled it into a tube with his bare

2240
01:58:03,529 --> 01:58:10,250
hands Tsar Peter thinking the Polish

2241
01:58:07,970 --> 01:58:12,409
King was trying to intimidate him picked

2242
01:58:10,250 --> 01:58:13,930
up another silver plate and did exactly

2243
01:58:12,409 --> 01:58:17,369
the same

2244
01:58:13,930 --> 01:58:20,199
[Music]

2245
01:58:17,369 --> 01:58:24,609
the two rulers began picking up and

2246
01:58:20,198 --> 01:58:26,819
bending all the dishes within reach as

2247
01:58:24,609 --> 01:58:30,130
they sat down laughing sarpy to joked

2248
01:58:26,819 --> 01:58:32,529
brother Augustus we been silver fairly

2249
01:58:30,130 --> 01:58:39,670
but it will be much harder work to bend

2250
01:58:32,529 --> 01:58:41,619
Swedish iron Peter hoped that a

2251
01:58:39,670 --> 01:58:43,510
victorious war against Sweden would

2252
01:58:41,619 --> 01:58:45,819
allow Russia to reclaim former

2253
01:58:43,510 --> 01:58:47,980
territories in the Baltic particularly

2254
01:58:45,819 --> 01:58:50,439
the Eastern Shore of the Gulf of Finland

2255
01:58:47,979 --> 01:58:55,779
this would give Russia access to the

2256
01:58:50,439 --> 01:58:58,149
Baltic and a sea route to Europe but

2257
01:58:55,779 --> 01:59:06,189
Peters festivities were interrupted by

2258
01:58:58,149 --> 01:59:09,009
bad news from home in the summer of 1698

2259
01:59:06,189 --> 01:59:11,409
the Streltsy troops whose revolted so

2260
01:59:09,010 --> 01:59:13,680
scarred him as a child rebelled once

2261
01:59:11,409 --> 01:59:13,680
more

2262
01:59:18,020 --> 01:59:21,189
[Music]

2263
01:59:21,609 --> 01:59:28,899
rebel regiments were now marching on the

2264
01:59:24,310 --> 01:59:31,420
capital to Moscow they declared will

2265
01:59:28,899 --> 01:59:33,489
destroy the foreign quarter and beat the

2266
01:59:31,420 --> 01:59:36,970
foreigners who reject our Orthodox faith

2267
01:59:33,489 --> 01:59:39,250
from Moscow come hell or high water for

2268
01:59:36,970 --> 01:59:41,920
we have a higher purpose we will keep

2269
01:59:39,250 --> 01:59:44,850
the Tsar out of Moscow and kill him for

2270
01:59:41,920 --> 01:59:47,349
his faith in these foreigners

2271
01:59:44,850 --> 01:59:50,320
[Applause]

2272
01:59:47,349 --> 01:59:52,840
Peter traveled 300 miles in four weeks

2273
01:59:50,319 --> 01:59:55,569
to reach Moscow but by the time he

2274
01:59:52,840 --> 01:59:57,400
arrived his deputy Fyodor abaddon offski

2275
01:59:55,569 --> 02:00:01,059
had defeated the rebels and began

2276
01:59:57,399 --> 02:00:04,299
dealing with the ringleaders a hundred

2277
02:00:01,060 --> 02:00:07,929
and thirty Streltsy were executed 150

2278
02:00:04,300 --> 02:00:09,159
more flogged and exiled to Siberia but

2279
02:00:07,929 --> 02:00:11,980
it was not enough for Peter

2280
02:00:09,158 --> 02:00:14,289
he ordered new interrogations and more

2281
02:00:11,979 --> 02:00:18,428
torture some of which he attended

2282
02:00:14,289 --> 02:00:21,670
personally a public mass execution was

2283
02:00:18,429 --> 02:00:24,429
arranged in Moscow 800 Streltsy were

2284
02:00:21,670 --> 02:00:25,960
beheaded in Red Square hundreds more

2285
02:00:24,429 --> 02:00:29,260
were hanged from the walls of the

2286
02:00:25,960 --> 02:00:32,289
Kremlin Peter beheaded five rebels

2287
02:00:29,260 --> 02:00:35,530
himself noblemen and foreign diplomats

2288
02:00:32,289 --> 02:00:38,590
witnessed the bloodbath around 2,000

2289
02:00:35,529 --> 02:00:42,630
strumsy were executed in total 800

2290
02:00:38,590 --> 02:00:42,630
flogged and sent to Siberia

2291
02:00:44,390 --> 02:00:49,600
strengths II was now a word that Peter

2292
02:00:47,000 --> 02:00:52,579
equated only with anarchy and revolt

2293
02:00:49,600 --> 02:00:55,250
after the executions he decided to make

2294
02:00:52,579 --> 02:01:00,289
some changes both in his own life and

2295
02:00:55,250 --> 02:01:03,470
his kingdom he forced his unloved wife

2296
02:01:00,289 --> 02:01:04,819
yebda kiya to become a nun and entrusted

2297
02:01:03,470 --> 02:01:09,079
the care of their eight-year-old son

2298
02:01:04,819 --> 02:01:11,210
Alexei to his sister Natalia Peter began

2299
02:01:09,079 --> 02:01:14,989
to live openly with his Dutch lover and

2300
02:01:11,210 --> 02:01:19,539
Aman's the conservative Russian nobility

2301
02:01:14,989 --> 02:01:19,539
was shocked the Peter didn't care

2302
02:01:26,079 --> 02:01:31,279
then Peter made it compulsory for all

2303
02:01:29,060 --> 02:01:33,320
nobles and townsman to shave their

2304
02:01:31,279 --> 02:01:36,349
beards off and wear european-style

2305
02:01:33,319 --> 02:01:38,539
clothes the only people allowed to keep

2306
02:01:36,350 --> 02:01:40,910
their beards were peasants priests of

2307
02:01:38,539 --> 02:01:46,430
the Orthodox Church and those who paid a

2308
02:01:40,909 --> 02:01:48,889
hefty beard tax a beard permit costs 600

2309
02:01:46,430 --> 02:01:52,490
rubles a year for a nobleman worth about

2310
02:01:48,890 --> 02:01:55,190
a hundred thousand dollars today and 30

2311
02:01:52,489 --> 02:01:59,569
rubles for a servant or five thousand

2312
02:01:55,189 --> 02:02:02,359
dollars today Peter also forced his

2313
02:01:59,569 --> 02:02:04,279
court to adopt European customs wives

2314
02:02:02,359 --> 02:02:06,710
and daughters had to wear European

2315
02:02:04,279 --> 02:02:09,099
dresses everyone had to know how to

2316
02:02:06,710 --> 02:02:11,539
dance and make polite conversation

2317
02:02:09,100 --> 02:02:13,160
courtiers had to brush their teeth every

2318
02:02:11,539 --> 02:02:15,319
morning drink coffee

2319
02:02:13,159 --> 02:02:17,569
shun traditional Russian food like

2320
02:02:15,319 --> 02:02:22,729
pickled cabbage and eat more Dutch

2321
02:02:17,569 --> 02:02:24,469
dishes Peter reformed the calendar so

2322
02:02:22,729 --> 02:02:26,569
that years were no longer counted from

2323
02:02:24,470 --> 02:02:29,530
the date of creation but from the birth

2324
02:02:26,569 --> 02:02:36,199
of Christ like the rest of Europe

2325
02:02:29,529 --> 02:02:38,329
overnight yes 7208 became 1700 a new

2326
02:02:36,199 --> 02:02:42,409
year was moved from September the 1st to

2327
02:02:38,329 --> 02:02:45,109
January the 1st in honor of the occasion

2328
02:02:42,409 --> 02:02:47,630
the Tsar instructed his people to

2329
02:02:45,109 --> 02:02:51,380
decorate fir trees entertain their

2330
02:02:47,630 --> 02:02:53,750
children and go sledging adults he

2331
02:02:51,380 --> 02:02:56,150
instructed were not to drink and fight

2332
02:02:53,750 --> 02:02:59,260
there were enough days of the year for

2333
02:02:56,149 --> 02:02:59,259
that already

2334
02:03:00,970 --> 02:03:06,610
the first New Year festivities led to a

2335
02:03:03,800 --> 02:03:09,440
huge fire that almost burned down Moscow

2336
02:03:06,609 --> 02:03:12,199
Peter was not concerned he didn't care

2337
02:03:09,439 --> 02:03:14,089
much for old Moscow besides he was

2338
02:03:12,199 --> 02:03:19,250
preoccupied with preparations for his

2339
02:03:14,090 --> 02:03:21,680
war against Sweden a secret alliance

2340
02:03:19,250 --> 02:03:23,359
with the polish king or Gustus a second

2341
02:03:21,680 --> 02:03:26,050
and the King of Denmark and Norway

2342
02:03:23,359 --> 02:03:29,149
Frederick the fourth had now been signed

2343
02:03:26,050 --> 02:03:32,180
both Kings looked on czar Peter as the

2344
02:03:29,149 --> 02:03:34,639
junior partner their adversary was the

2345
02:03:32,180 --> 02:03:37,610
18-year old King Karl the 12th of Sweden

2346
02:03:34,640 --> 02:03:43,010
a lover of hunting and parades who no

2347
02:03:37,609 --> 02:03:44,420
one took seriously in the spring of 1700

2348
02:03:43,010 --> 02:03:46,880
ruler of the Polish Lithuanian

2349
02:03:44,420 --> 02:03:49,340
Commonwealth launched an offensive in

2350
02:03:46,880 --> 02:03:53,359
the Baltic and laid siege to the Swedish

2351
02:03:49,340 --> 02:03:55,039
held city of Riga but for the King of

2352
02:03:53,359 --> 02:03:57,529
Denmark the war quickly took a

2353
02:03:55,039 --> 02:04:00,760
disastrous turn when the Swedish fleet

2354
02:03:57,529 --> 02:04:03,859
appeared unexpectedly outside Copenhagen

2355
02:04:00,760 --> 02:04:05,210
unable to defend his capital the Danish

2356
02:04:03,859 --> 02:04:09,380
King was forced to make peace with

2357
02:04:05,210 --> 02:04:13,189
Sweden soon Augustus was forced to

2358
02:04:09,380 --> 02:04:15,829
withdraw from Riga leaving Peter with

2359
02:04:13,189 --> 02:04:20,259
his ill-trained forces to face the

2360
02:04:15,829 --> 02:04:20,260
greatest army in Europe alone

2361
02:04:22,430 --> 02:04:25,509
[Music]

2362
02:04:25,779 --> 02:04:30,828
Russian troops were besieging nava on

2363
02:04:28,519 --> 02:04:32,869
the Baltic coast but they didn't have

2364
02:04:30,828 --> 02:04:36,380
enough artillery to break down its walls

2365
02:04:32,868 --> 02:04:40,880
after two weeks the main Swedish army

2366
02:04:36,380 --> 02:04:42,679
began to close in as it approached Peter

2367
02:04:40,880 --> 02:04:47,170
appointed the Juke tu crois as

2368
02:04:42,679 --> 02:04:47,170
commander-in-chief and left for Novgorod

2369
02:04:47,859 --> 02:04:52,939
he was not there to see the outnumbered

2370
02:04:50,868 --> 02:04:56,149
Swedish infantry attacked through the

2371
02:04:52,939 --> 02:05:02,509
blizzard and inflict a crushing defeat

2372
02:04:56,149 --> 02:05:04,609
on the Russian army he didn't see the

2373
02:05:02,510 --> 02:05:07,340
surrender of his hired foreign officers

2374
02:05:04,609 --> 02:05:11,118
or the moment his men cast their banners

2375
02:05:07,340 --> 02:05:15,139
at the feet of the Swedish King Peter

2376
02:05:11,118 --> 02:05:16,000
had lost one army now he had to forge a

2377
02:05:15,139 --> 02:05:17,510
new one

2378
02:05:16,000 --> 02:05:20,158
[Music]

2379
02:05:17,510 --> 02:05:22,140
his military reforms would create

2380
02:05:20,158 --> 02:05:24,569
Russia's first Regular Army a

2381
02:05:22,140 --> 02:05:28,020
professional force made up of full-time

2382
02:05:24,569 --> 02:05:29,698
conscript soldiers military service was

2383
02:05:28,020 --> 02:05:32,489
required from all nobles and peasants

2384
02:05:29,698 --> 02:05:37,229
were expected to send one man from every

2385
02:05:32,488 --> 02:05:40,589
20 households who served for life troops

2386
02:05:37,229 --> 02:05:42,809
were rigorously trained in drill while

2387
02:05:40,590 --> 02:05:46,079
Peters toy regiment formed the basis for

2388
02:05:42,810 --> 02:05:49,500
two new elite units the prayer regen ski

2389
02:05:46,079 --> 02:05:52,350
guards and seminoff ski guards soldiers

2390
02:05:49,500 --> 02:05:54,929
also received new weapons repairs and

2391
02:05:52,350 --> 02:05:57,900
flintlock muskets instead of the old our

2392
02:05:54,929 --> 02:05:59,670
key buses in ten years the Russian army

2393
02:05:57,899 --> 02:06:02,219
was expanded to a strength of two

2394
02:05:59,670 --> 02:06:07,380
hundred thousand men supported by a

2395
02:06:02,219 --> 02:06:09,750
force of 100,000 Cossack cavalry Peter

2396
02:06:07,380 --> 02:06:13,340
had created the largest and most modern

2397
02:06:09,750 --> 02:06:13,340
army in Russian history

2398
02:06:15,210 --> 02:06:19,949
after the catastrophe at Nava Peter

2399
02:06:17,760 --> 02:06:22,500
needed to replenish the Treasury quickly

2400
02:06:19,949 --> 02:06:24,840
he reduced the amount of silver in the

2401
02:06:22,500 --> 02:06:27,719
coins providing more cash in the short

2402
02:06:24,840 --> 02:06:31,860
term but devaluing the currency driving

2403
02:06:27,719 --> 02:06:34,289
prices up he was pushing the country to

2404
02:06:31,859 --> 02:06:36,359
the edge of another rebellion he was

2405
02:06:34,289 --> 02:06:38,789
making people dress up like heretics

2406
02:06:36,359 --> 02:06:40,889
forcing them to cut off their beards and

2407
02:06:38,789 --> 02:06:46,680
now forcing them to pay for his

2408
02:06:40,890 --> 02:06:48,329
disastrous war were rumors that bizarre

2409
02:06:46,680 --> 02:06:49,469
who'd returned from abroad was a

2410
02:06:48,329 --> 02:06:52,319
different man

2411
02:06:49,469 --> 02:06:55,649
the real Tsar it was said was in prison

2412
02:06:52,319 --> 02:07:00,229
far across the sea others openly called

2413
02:06:55,649 --> 02:07:02,939
him the Antichrist Peter didn't care

2414
02:07:00,229 --> 02:07:07,968
instead he ordered church bells to be

2415
02:07:02,939 --> 02:07:07,969
taken down and melted into cabin

2416
02:07:08,969 --> 02:07:14,288
ETA's draconian taxes were bleeding

2417
02:07:11,800 --> 02:07:17,889
Russia dry and triggering riots and

2418
02:07:14,288 --> 02:07:20,198
revolts across the land but the money

2419
02:07:17,889 --> 02:07:21,849
paid for two large warships the

2420
02:07:20,198 --> 02:07:24,458
beginning of the Russian Baltic Fleet

2421
02:07:21,849 --> 02:07:26,708
and allowed him to open foundries in the

2422
02:07:24,458 --> 02:07:32,800
Urals that was soon supplying the army

2423
02:07:26,708 --> 02:07:34,349
and navy with modern cannon the

2424
02:07:32,800 --> 02:07:36,880
introduction of modern artillery

2425
02:07:34,349 --> 02:07:39,569
combined with the effect of reforms and

2426
02:07:36,880 --> 02:07:42,609
spending increases soon brought results

2427
02:07:39,569 --> 02:07:46,058
Russia could now wage war against Sweden

2428
02:07:42,609 --> 02:07:47,799
as an equal victories followed with the

2429
02:07:46,059 --> 02:07:51,849
Russian army capturing the fortresses of

2430
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:54,150
notre berg mean chance nava and marian

2431
02:07:51,849 --> 02:07:54,150
blog

2432
02:07:54,988 --> 02:08:00,750
on the eve of this last victory the Tsar

2433
02:07:57,719 --> 02:08:02,730
received bitter news his mistress Anna

2434
02:08:00,750 --> 02:08:05,520
Mons who'd lived with him like a wife

2435
02:08:02,729 --> 02:08:08,009
for 10 years had been cheating on him

2436
02:08:05,520 --> 02:08:10,830
the passion of their youth was long gone

2437
02:08:08,010 --> 02:08:13,039
but her betrayal was still painful to

2438
02:08:10,829 --> 02:08:13,039
Peter

2439
02:08:18,038 --> 02:08:22,838
his loyal friend and associate Prince

2440
02:08:20,349 --> 02:08:25,779
Menshikov helped desire to overcome his

2441
02:08:22,838 --> 02:08:28,208
heartbreak by finding him a new mistress

2442
02:08:25,779 --> 02:08:31,118
the beautiful and charming

2443
02:08:28,208 --> 02:08:33,938
Martis Gavron skier recently liberated

2444
02:08:31,118 --> 02:08:40,029
by Russian forces from the fortress city

2445
02:08:33,939 --> 02:08:42,298
of Marienberg martyr turned out to be

2446
02:08:40,029 --> 02:08:44,969
the woman that Peter needed in his life

2447
02:08:42,298 --> 02:08:47,828
two years later he brought her to

2448
02:08:44,969 --> 02:08:49,868
preobrazhenskaya as his bride where she

2449
02:08:47,828 --> 02:08:53,228
converted to orthodoxy and took the name

2450
02:08:49,868 --> 02:08:55,148
Catherine alexeyevna this kind and

2451
02:08:53,229 --> 02:08:57,189
gentle woman who had once served as a

2452
02:08:55,149 --> 02:08:59,859
housemaid and remained illiterate all

2453
02:08:57,189 --> 02:09:03,899
her life would bear Peter 11 children

2454
02:08:59,859 --> 02:09:09,569
and in time be crowned Empress of Russia

2455
02:09:03,899 --> 02:09:12,579
for now the great northern war ground on

2456
02:09:09,569 --> 02:09:15,099
an hare island where the river neva

2457
02:09:12,578 --> 02:09:17,529
flows into the Gulf of Finland the

2458
02:09:15,099 --> 02:09:20,588
Russians began to build a fort with six

2459
02:09:17,529 --> 02:09:23,349
fast ian's named the Peter and Paul

2460
02:09:20,588 --> 02:09:26,548
Fortress it guarded the first Russian

2461
02:09:23,349 --> 02:09:26,548
port on the Baltic Sea

2462
02:09:29,899 --> 02:09:37,699
this was destined to be the site of a

2463
02:09:32,238 --> 02:09:40,339
new Russian capital st. Petersburg in

2464
02:09:37,698 --> 02:09:45,408
six months the first foreign ship would

2465
02:09:40,340 --> 02:09:47,569
arrive at the port three years later the

2466
02:09:45,408 --> 02:09:52,518
first warships would be launched from

2467
02:09:47,569 --> 02:09:55,819
the city's Admiralty shipyard peter's

2468
02:09:52,519 --> 02:09:58,479
dream of dominating the Baltic Sea was

2469
02:09:55,819 --> 02:09:58,478
within reach

2470
02:09:59,868 --> 02:10:04,219
the construction of the Czar's new

2471
02:10:01,789 --> 02:10:07,849
capital was beset with difficulties and

2472
02:10:04,219 --> 02:10:10,010
needless to say hugely expensive first

2473
02:10:07,849 --> 02:10:12,590
the marshes had to be drained then

2474
02:10:10,010 --> 02:10:15,739
numerous dams and dikes put in place to

2475
02:10:12,590 --> 02:10:19,639
protect the land from flooding it took

2476
02:10:15,738 --> 02:10:21,859
20,000 logs to build just one dike today

2477
02:10:19,639 --> 02:10:27,069
it would take 20 freight trains to

2478
02:10:21,859 --> 02:10:29,569
deliver this much timber each year

2479
02:10:27,069 --> 02:10:32,448
40,000 laborers arrived to help build

2480
02:10:29,569 --> 02:10:34,488
the new city and for the first time the

2481
02:10:32,448 --> 02:10:37,488
czar authorized the use of thousands of

2482
02:10:34,488 --> 02:10:39,948
Christmas as convict labour they were

2483
02:10:37,488 --> 02:10:42,079
formed into labor battalions working for

2484
02:10:39,948 --> 02:10:44,089
up to 15 hours a day and even

2485
02:10:42,079 --> 02:10:47,300
around-the-clock during the white nights

2486
02:10:44,090 --> 02:10:49,310
of summer in 15 years these brutal

2487
02:10:47,300 --> 02:10:53,869
conditions would claim the lives of an

2488
02:10:49,310 --> 02:10:56,330
estimated 100,000 workers Europe paid

2489
02:10:53,868 --> 02:10:58,729
little attention to Peters victories all

2490
02:10:56,329 --> 02:10:59,389
they saw was a greedy tsar of the

2491
02:10:58,729 --> 02:11:01,698
Muscovites

2492
02:10:59,389 --> 02:11:05,960
seizing a piece of boggy shoreline and

2493
02:11:01,698 --> 02:11:08,329
hurriedly settling in there they were

2494
02:11:05,960 --> 02:11:10,789
much more interested in his enemy Carl

2495
02:11:08,329 --> 02:11:12,859
the 12th of Sweden waging war in the

2496
02:11:10,789 --> 02:11:17,118
heart of Europe against the Polish King

2497
02:11:12,859 --> 02:11:19,098
Augustus in 1706 Carl defeated August's

2498
02:11:17,118 --> 02:11:24,769
forced him to give up his throne and

2499
02:11:19,099 --> 02:11:28,219
then turned on Russia two armies met on

2500
02:11:24,770 --> 02:11:29,970
June 27th 1709 four miles outside

2501
02:11:28,219 --> 02:11:31,689
Poltava

2502
02:11:29,970 --> 02:11:35,380
[Music]

2503
02:11:31,689 --> 02:11:38,419
both monarchs led their armies in person

2504
02:11:35,380 --> 02:11:41,390
in the eve of battle Carl addressed his

2505
02:11:38,420 --> 02:11:43,609
troops he promised them that the next

2506
02:11:41,390 --> 02:11:48,140
day they'd eat at the table of the Tsar

2507
02:11:43,609 --> 02:11:54,469
of Russia he's prepared many dishes for

2508
02:11:48,140 --> 02:11:58,550
us go where glory calls czar Peter also

2509
02:11:54,469 --> 02:12:00,500
spoke to his troops soldiers a time has

2510
02:11:58,550 --> 02:12:03,079
come that will decide the fate of our

2511
02:12:00,500 --> 02:12:05,988
motherland do not think you are fighting

2512
02:12:03,079 --> 02:12:08,479
for Peter you are fighting for the state

2513
02:12:05,988 --> 02:12:11,419
he is entrusted with for your families

2514
02:12:08,479 --> 02:12:16,039
your motherland for our Orthodox Church

2515
02:12:11,420 --> 02:12:19,279
the Swedish army at Poltava had a

2516
02:12:16,039 --> 02:12:22,430
strength of 8,000 infantry 8000 cavalry

2517
02:12:19,279 --> 02:12:25,488
and just four cannon the Russian army

2518
02:12:22,430 --> 02:12:30,079
consisted of 25,000 infantry 9,000

2519
02:12:25,488 --> 02:12:32,988
cavalry and 73 cannon the battle raged

2520
02:12:30,079 --> 02:12:35,420
for 10 hours and ended in a brilliant

2521
02:12:32,988 --> 02:12:38,809
victory for the Russian army Russian

2522
02:12:35,420 --> 02:12:39,409
losses were 1,300 men killed and 3,300

2523
02:12:38,810 --> 02:12:41,500
wounded

2524
02:12:39,409 --> 02:12:43,880
the Swedes suffered 8,000 casualties

2525
02:12:41,500 --> 02:12:46,630
almost twice as many as the Russians

2526
02:12:43,880 --> 02:12:53,300
while 4,000 were taken prisoner and

2527
02:12:46,630 --> 02:12:55,819
17,000 more lost during the retreat the

2528
02:12:53,300 --> 02:12:57,800
Battle of Poltava ended 100 years of

2529
02:12:55,819 --> 02:12:59,899
Swedish military dominance in Europe

2530
02:12:57,800 --> 02:13:02,539
though Kyle remained a threat as long as

2531
02:12:59,899 --> 02:13:04,759
he still commanded a powerful navy the

2532
02:13:02,539 --> 02:13:08,119
rest of Europe however was forced to

2533
02:13:04,760 --> 02:13:11,719
recognize that Russia long regarded as

2534
02:13:08,119 --> 02:13:12,949
wild and backward was now a force to be

2535
02:13:11,719 --> 02:13:16,300
reckoned with

2536
02:13:12,949 --> 02:13:16,300
[Music]

2537
02:13:19,810 --> 02:13:26,120
Peter had turned his back on Moscow its

2538
02:13:23,449 --> 02:13:28,699
onion domes winding streets and apple

2539
02:13:26,119 --> 02:13:35,539
orchards his favorite place in the whole

2540
02:13:28,699 --> 02:13:38,210
world was now st. Petersburg Peter

2541
02:13:35,539 --> 02:13:41,630
described these boggy windswept islands

2542
02:13:38,210 --> 02:13:43,329
as paradise he liked to oversee as much

2543
02:13:41,630 --> 02:13:45,590
of the work as possible himself

2544
02:13:43,329 --> 02:13:48,590
including the construction of the summer

2545
02:13:45,590 --> 02:13:54,770
palace inspired by the stately homes and

2546
02:13:48,590 --> 02:13:57,500
Gardens he'd visited in Europe everyday

2547
02:13:54,770 --> 02:13:59,870
Peter spent here was a happy one as he

2548
02:13:57,500 --> 02:14:02,229
watched his new capital rise up around

2549
02:13:59,869 --> 02:14:02,229
him

2550
02:14:06,760 --> 02:14:11,289
the order that every cart entering the

2551
02:14:08,949 --> 02:14:11,949
city had to bring three large stones

2552
02:14:11,289 --> 02:14:15,010
with it

2553
02:14:11,949 --> 02:14:17,439
weighing not less than five pounds these

2554
02:14:15,010 --> 02:14:23,020
were used to turn streets of mud into

2555
02:14:17,439 --> 02:14:25,569
the city's first paved roads Peter could

2556
02:14:23,020 --> 02:14:28,239
already see the great palaces wide

2557
02:14:25,569 --> 02:14:30,939
boulevards parks and promenade that

2558
02:14:28,238 --> 02:14:36,819
would one day make this city the Venice

2559
02:14:30,939 --> 02:14:39,059
of the north but Peters quest to

2560
02:14:36,819 --> 02:14:42,329
modernize Russia was far from complete

2561
02:14:39,060 --> 02:14:45,940
everything had to change finances

2562
02:14:42,329 --> 02:14:48,670
bureaucracy laws there was no master

2563
02:14:45,939 --> 02:14:51,549
plan it would be step by step as

2564
02:14:48,670 --> 02:14:55,949
dictated by necessity and the most

2565
02:14:51,550 --> 02:14:58,390
pressing need was for money

2566
02:14:55,949 --> 02:15:01,119
ETA's tax reform centered on the

2567
02:14:58,390 --> 02:15:03,840
creation of a poll tax to be paid once a

2568
02:15:01,119 --> 02:15:06,340
year by every male subject in the realm

2569
02:15:03,840 --> 02:15:09,220
peasants had to pay seventy-four kopacz

2570
02:15:06,340 --> 02:15:10,810
about a hundred dollars today while

2571
02:15:09,220 --> 02:15:16,409
those living in towns had to pay nearly

2572
02:15:10,810 --> 02:15:16,410
double 1.2 roubles about $200 today

2573
02:15:16,439 --> 02:15:20,429
peasants in some parts of the country

2574
02:15:18,460 --> 02:15:22,739
were now taxed for the first time

2575
02:15:20,430 --> 02:15:23,950
including inhabitants of the far north

2576
02:15:22,738 --> 02:15:28,119
Siberia

2577
02:15:23,949 --> 02:15:30,399
and the Volga region state revenue

2578
02:15:28,119 --> 02:15:37,119
tripled providing Peter with the money

2579
02:15:30,399 --> 02:15:40,420
necessary for further reforms Peter saw

2580
02:15:37,119 --> 02:15:43,420
his work as a sacred duty and himself as

2581
02:15:40,420 --> 02:15:45,609
the motherland's faithful servant he

2582
02:15:43,420 --> 02:15:47,920
expected the same from all his subjects

2583
02:15:45,609 --> 02:15:52,238
regardless of rank from the grandest

2584
02:15:47,920 --> 02:15:54,010
noble to the humblest peasant to ensure

2585
02:15:52,238 --> 02:15:56,709
the smooth running of the state he

2586
02:15:54,010 --> 02:15:58,600
created the post of fiscal a secret

2587
02:15:56,710 --> 02:16:01,510
Informer who sniffed out corruption

2588
02:15:58,600 --> 02:16:05,680
which was then punished brutally to

2589
02:16:01,510 --> 02:16:08,409
deter others but bribe taking and

2590
02:16:05,680 --> 02:16:10,659
embezzlement remained endemic for every

2591
02:16:08,409 --> 02:16:13,630
100 rubles collected in state taxation

2592
02:16:10,659 --> 02:16:16,359
scarcely 30 reached the state treasury

2593
02:16:13,630 --> 02:16:17,949
the greatest embezzler of all was the

2594
02:16:16,359 --> 02:16:20,649
Tsar's close friend Prince Menshikov

2595
02:16:17,949 --> 02:16:24,369
whose income almost equalled that of the

2596
02:16:20,649 --> 02:16:26,769
state Peter finally lost all patience

2597
02:16:24,369 --> 02:16:28,569
declaring that if someone stole even

2598
02:16:26,770 --> 02:16:31,600
just enough money to buy himself a piece

2599
02:16:28,569 --> 02:16:35,769
of rope that rope would be used to hang

2600
02:16:31,600 --> 02:16:38,469
them Menshikov talked him down warning

2601
02:16:35,769 --> 02:16:41,790
that if he passed such a law he'd soon

2602
02:16:38,468 --> 02:16:44,729
have no subjects left

2603
02:16:41,790 --> 02:16:47,460
PETA was involved in drawing up statutes

2604
02:16:44,729 --> 02:16:49,829
and charters for many new bodies from

2605
02:16:47,459 --> 02:16:54,259
the Academy of Sciences to the Admiralty

2606
02:16:49,829 --> 02:16:54,260
as well as issuing hundreds of decrees

2607
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:59,879
czar legislated on almost every aspect

2608
02:16:57,360 --> 02:17:02,010
of Russian life from the type of boot

2609
02:16:59,879 --> 02:17:05,819
polish used to the width of cloth that

2610
02:17:02,010 --> 02:17:08,370
was produced profits of merchants the

2611
02:17:05,819 --> 02:17:10,729
proper way to construct stoves farming

2612
02:17:08,370 --> 02:17:14,250
implements the correct form of wedding

2613
02:17:10,729 --> 02:17:15,929
the treatment of the sick what sort of

2614
02:17:14,250 --> 02:17:19,200
coffin should be used to bury the dead

2615
02:17:15,929 --> 02:17:24,540
and how many times a week a sauna should

2616
02:17:19,200 --> 02:17:26,760
be heated and there were more each new

2617
02:17:24,540 --> 02:17:29,420
law stipulated the punishment for

2618
02:17:26,760 --> 02:17:37,020
breaking it a fine for talking in church

2619
02:17:29,420 --> 02:17:39,629
the death penalty for treason Peter it

2620
02:17:37,020 --> 02:17:41,579
was clear his subjects were like

2621
02:17:39,629 --> 02:17:44,579
children who couldn't be trusted to run

2622
02:17:41,579 --> 02:17:47,218
their lives without his supervision he

2623
02:17:44,579 --> 02:17:49,620
didn't ask their opinion of course nor

2624
02:17:47,218 --> 02:17:52,439
did he ask the opinion of his son Alexei

2625
02:17:49,620 --> 02:17:57,120
whose life he also governed in every

2626
02:17:52,440 --> 02:18:00,000
small detail Tsarevich Alexei was the

2627
02:17:57,120 --> 02:18:01,829
son of Peters first wife lived okiya who

2628
02:18:00,000 --> 02:18:04,190
was banished to a convent when he was 8

2629
02:18:01,829 --> 02:18:08,670
he was raised instead by his aunt

2630
02:18:04,190 --> 02:18:10,980
Princess Natalya Peter tried to involve

2631
02:18:08,670 --> 02:18:14,099
Alexei in affairs of state and took him

2632
02:18:10,979 --> 02:18:16,079
on campaign when he was just 12 boy

2633
02:18:14,099 --> 02:18:19,049
showed early promise with an aptitude

2634
02:18:16,079 --> 02:18:21,329
for languages and mathematics with

2635
02:18:19,049 --> 02:18:23,699
Peters bullying behavior caused Alexei

2636
02:18:21,329 --> 02:18:27,270
to fear and eventually loathe his own

2637
02:18:23,700 --> 02:18:29,679
father and secretly wish him dead

2638
02:18:27,270 --> 02:18:32,689
[Music]

2639
02:18:29,679 --> 02:18:36,620
the Tsar's enemies persuaded Alexi to

2640
02:18:32,689 --> 02:18:39,950
flee to Vienna he was signing his own

2641
02:18:36,620 --> 02:18:43,250
death warrant Russian agents soon found

2642
02:18:39,950 --> 02:18:47,809
him and brought him back to face his

2643
02:18:43,250 --> 02:18:51,138
father's judgment the prince was

2644
02:18:47,808 --> 02:18:53,179
terrified under torture he named all

2645
02:18:51,138 --> 02:18:55,609
those he knew to be enemies of the Tsar

2646
02:18:53,179 --> 02:18:59,058
and renounced his right to inherit the

2647
02:18:55,610 --> 02:19:01,069
throne he had fled it emerged because he

2648
02:18:59,058 --> 02:19:06,978
was convinced his father intended to

2649
02:19:01,069 --> 02:19:08,629
have him killed the prince was

2650
02:19:06,978 --> 02:19:13,129
imprisoned in the peter and paul

2651
02:19:08,629 --> 02:19:15,888
fortress On June 25th 1718 a court found

2652
02:19:13,129 --> 02:19:22,129
Alexi guilty of treason and sentenced

2653
02:19:15,888 --> 02:19:28,339
him to death the next day the prince was

2654
02:19:22,129 --> 02:19:31,489
found dead in his cell the official

2655
02:19:28,340 --> 02:19:33,829
cause of death was an apoplectic fit the

2656
02:19:31,489 --> 02:19:35,659
real cause cannot be proved what is

2657
02:19:33,829 --> 02:19:37,670
known is that the prince was cruelly

2658
02:19:35,659 --> 02:19:43,700
tortured for days during his

2659
02:19:37,670 --> 02:19:45,950
interrogation the day after his son's

2660
02:19:43,700 --> 02:19:48,070
death Peter celebrated the ninth

2661
02:19:45,950 --> 02:19:52,590
anniversary of the Battle of Poltava

2662
02:19:48,069 --> 02:19:57,629
those close to him could see his grief

2663
02:19:52,590 --> 02:20:00,478
I suffer for the entire motherland he

2664
02:19:57,629 --> 02:20:02,789
wrote my enemy's play vile tricks

2665
02:20:00,478 --> 02:20:04,679
against me it's hard for people to

2666
02:20:02,790 --> 02:20:06,670
believe in my innocence as they know

2667
02:20:04,680 --> 02:20:13,840
none of the facts

2668
02:20:06,670 --> 02:20:16,659
but God sees the truth Peter could see

2669
02:20:13,840 --> 02:20:20,139
with brutal clarity how precarious his

2670
02:20:16,659 --> 02:20:23,889
achievements were if he died everything

2671
02:20:20,139 --> 02:20:28,809
would collapse and the Tsar was not a

2672
02:20:23,889 --> 02:20:31,389
well man the opinion of Peters doctor

2673
02:20:28,809 --> 02:20:33,250
the rent is bloomin trust was that his

2674
02:20:31,389 --> 02:20:35,680
44 year old patient suffered from

2675
02:20:33,250 --> 02:20:39,280
chronic bronchitis inflammation of the

2676
02:20:35,680 --> 02:20:45,450
bowels chronic kidney disease kidney

2677
02:20:39,280 --> 02:20:48,280
stones swollen liver and damaged nerves

2678
02:20:45,450 --> 02:20:51,130
Peter wasn't good at following diets or

2679
02:20:48,280 --> 02:20:53,260
cutting down on alcohol instead he went

2680
02:20:51,129 --> 02:20:57,849
too sparse to take the local mineral

2681
02:20:53,260 --> 02:21:00,639
water heater was now spurred on by a

2682
02:20:57,850 --> 02:21:03,069
sense of his own mortality first he

2683
02:21:00,639 --> 02:21:06,069
needed to end the great northern war now

2684
02:21:03,069 --> 02:21:08,049
in its 20th year even after Carl the

2685
02:21:06,069 --> 02:21:10,090
12th fell in battle Sweden would not

2686
02:21:08,049 --> 02:21:13,059
make peace and refused to recognize

2687
02:21:10,090 --> 02:21:15,630
Peters Baltic conquests Russia would

2688
02:21:13,059 --> 02:21:19,119
first have to defeat Sweden's Navy in

2689
02:21:15,629 --> 02:21:23,170
1714 at gank at the Russian galleys won

2690
02:21:19,120 --> 02:21:25,270
their first victory over the Swedes six

2691
02:21:23,170 --> 02:21:29,228
years later at brendham they captured

2692
02:21:25,270 --> 02:21:31,270
four Swedish frigates Sweden then signed

2693
02:21:29,228 --> 02:21:33,010
an alliance with Britain and a joint

2694
02:21:31,270 --> 02:21:35,890
Anglo Swedish squadron approached

2695
02:21:33,010 --> 02:21:39,420
Russia's Baltic Fleet base at revel it

2696
02:21:35,889 --> 02:21:39,420
was then forced to withdraw

2697
02:21:40,659 --> 02:21:46,959
in 1721 the war ended with the Treaty of

2698
02:21:44,200 --> 02:21:48,880
NICHD at Sweden recognize Russian

2699
02:21:46,959 --> 02:21:52,209
ownership of ingria which became the

2700
02:21:48,879 --> 02:21:55,539
province of st. Petersburg Livonia Baden

2701
02:21:52,209 --> 02:21:59,219
Latvia and southern Estonia estland now

2702
02:21:55,540 --> 02:22:02,080
northern Estonia and part of Corellia

2703
02:21:59,219 --> 02:22:05,649
Russia had its Baltic Sea outlet and

2704
02:22:02,079 --> 02:22:07,399
with it the status of a European power

2705
02:22:05,649 --> 02:22:10,190
[Music]

2706
02:22:07,399 --> 02:22:12,649
rushon Senate asked Peter to accept the

2707
02:22:10,190 --> 02:22:16,329
title father of the nation Peter the

2708
02:22:12,649 --> 02:22:16,329
Great Emperor of all Russia

2709
02:22:16,430 --> 02:22:20,539
the moment marked the end of the

2710
02:22:18,199 --> 02:22:24,470
Russians Adam and the birth of the

2711
02:22:20,539 --> 02:22:29,779
Russian Empire but what future for the

2712
02:22:24,469 --> 02:22:32,809
house of Romanov few of Peters children

2713
02:22:29,779 --> 02:22:36,168
has survived infancy his heir Peter died

2714
02:22:32,809 --> 02:22:38,840
at the age of three he had two adult

2715
02:22:36,168 --> 02:22:41,658
daughters Anna and Elizabeth and a

2716
02:22:38,840 --> 02:22:44,568
grandson little Peter the son of the

2717
02:22:41,658 --> 02:22:46,788
late czarevitch Alexei but Peter didn't

2718
02:22:44,568 --> 02:22:48,379
want the boy to succeed him yet fearing

2719
02:22:46,789 --> 02:22:50,930
he would become the puppet of his

2720
02:22:48,379 --> 02:22:54,889
enemies who would try to undo all his

2721
02:22:50,930 --> 02:22:57,918
reforms Peter decided to change the

2722
02:22:54,889 --> 02:23:00,198
ancient customs of succession he issued

2723
02:22:57,918 --> 02:23:02,959
a decree allowing a ruler to choose

2724
02:23:00,199 --> 02:23:06,078
their successor let the ruler be always

2725
02:23:02,959 --> 02:23:09,529
free it said to choose to whom they will

2726
02:23:06,078 --> 02:23:11,719
give their inheritance in the spring of

2727
02:23:09,529 --> 02:23:14,300
1720 for at the Cathedral of the

2728
02:23:11,719 --> 02:23:18,099
Assumption in the Kremlin Peter solemnly

2729
02:23:14,299 --> 02:23:20,478
crowned his wife Catherine as Empress

2730
02:23:18,100 --> 02:23:24,439
did it mean he intended to leave the

2731
02:23:20,478 --> 02:23:26,679
throne to her za made no mention of the

2732
02:23:24,439 --> 02:23:26,680
matter

2733
02:23:29,209 --> 02:23:34,140
soon after the coronation Peter learned

2734
02:23:32,129 --> 02:23:36,930
that Catherine had been unfaithful to

2735
02:23:34,139 --> 02:23:39,559
him and that her lover was the brother

2736
02:23:36,930 --> 02:23:47,488
of his former dutch mistress Anna Mons

2737
02:23:39,559 --> 02:23:50,969
it was a heavy blow Catherine was Peters

2738
02:23:47,488 --> 02:23:52,859
greatest love and closest companion she

2739
02:23:50,969 --> 02:23:55,978
was the only one able to calm his

2740
02:23:52,859 --> 02:23:58,039
outbursts of rage the German diplomat

2741
02:23:55,978 --> 02:24:03,658
count Henning Friedrich bazevich

2742
02:23:58,039 --> 02:24:06,149
witnessed such a scene more than once he

2743
02:24:03,658 --> 02:24:08,398
used to have fits caused by a dark

2744
02:24:06,148 --> 02:24:10,978
thought entering his head that someone

2745
02:24:08,398 --> 02:24:12,838
was trying to kill him these episodes

2746
02:24:10,978 --> 02:24:13,378
were a nightmare for those closest to

2747
02:24:12,838 --> 02:24:15,959
him

2748
02:24:13,379 --> 02:24:18,419
the newer fit was coming when his mouth

2749
02:24:15,959 --> 02:24:21,270
started to shake they would immediately

2750
02:24:18,418 --> 02:24:23,578
send for the Empress she would start

2751
02:24:21,270 --> 02:24:27,988
talking to him and the sound of her

2752
02:24:23,578 --> 02:24:30,180
voice calmed him down she used to make

2753
02:24:27,988 --> 02:24:33,538
him sit down and would then take his

2754
02:24:30,180 --> 02:24:36,389
head in her hands brushing it gently it

2755
02:24:33,539 --> 02:24:39,180
was like magic he'd fall asleep in a

2756
02:24:36,389 --> 02:24:41,519
matter of minutes so as not to disturb

2757
02:24:39,180 --> 02:24:44,520
him she'd hold his head against her

2758
02:24:41,520 --> 02:24:48,238
chest and sit without moving for two or

2759
02:24:44,520 --> 02:24:52,189
three hours after that he'd wake up

2760
02:24:48,238 --> 02:24:52,189
fresh and invigorated

2761
02:24:59,271 --> 02:25:04,489
Peter had never been a faithful husband

2762
02:25:01,909 --> 02:25:06,560
on campaign he would bed the servants

2763
02:25:04,489 --> 02:25:09,140
and the soldiers wives had even

2764
02:25:06,560 --> 02:25:14,299
established a set fee for their services

2765
02:25:09,140 --> 02:25:17,029
one bucket per night nor did the ladies

2766
02:25:14,299 --> 02:25:18,680
of court escape desires attention in his

2767
02:25:17,030 --> 02:25:21,320
father's day women were kept out of

2768
02:25:18,681 --> 02:25:23,960
sight now instead of being treated like

2769
02:25:21,319 --> 02:25:29,270
slaves it was said they were worshipped

2770
02:25:23,959 --> 02:25:31,970
like goddesses the many sudden changes

2771
02:25:29,271 --> 02:25:34,311
to Russian customs social norms and

2772
02:25:31,970 --> 02:25:38,420
dress were soon being blamed for a

2773
02:25:34,310 --> 02:25:42,770
collapse in morality Czar himself set a

2774
02:25:38,420 --> 02:25:46,040
terrible example his lovers included

2775
02:25:42,771 --> 02:25:49,790
Mary Hamilton a lady-in-waiting countess

2776
02:25:46,040 --> 02:25:53,721
Abdul Chia Cherne Shova antis Maria

2777
02:25:49,790 --> 02:25:55,271
rumyantseva the Romanian countess maria

2778
02:25:53,720 --> 02:25:59,510
Cantor Mia

2779
02:25:55,271 --> 02:26:01,159
Elizaveta scindia all of whom slept with

2780
02:25:59,510 --> 02:26:04,149
Peter with the full knowledge of their

2781
02:26:01,159 --> 02:26:04,149
fathers or husbands

2782
02:26:05,500 --> 02:26:10,219
Catherine had tolerated all of the

2783
02:26:07,909 --> 02:26:13,398
Czar's affairs and never reproached him

2784
02:26:10,219 --> 02:26:15,349
for them with that was expected Peter

2785
02:26:13,398 --> 02:26:17,809
had Catherine's lover arrested and

2786
02:26:15,350 --> 02:26:20,750
charged with accepting bribes to avoid

2787
02:26:17,809 --> 02:26:23,629
public disgrace the investigation was

2788
02:26:20,750 --> 02:26:28,639
Swift he was found guilty in five days

2789
02:26:23,629 --> 02:26:30,799
and dead in eight Peeta had his severed

2790
02:26:28,639 --> 02:26:34,309
head preserved in alcohol and placed in

2791
02:26:30,799 --> 02:26:36,079
a jar then it was rumoured he delivered

2792
02:26:34,309 --> 02:26:44,600
this gruesome gift to Catherine's

2793
02:26:36,079 --> 02:26:48,170
chambers in person Emperor and Empress

2794
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:52,189
did not speak for nearly a year he

2795
02:26:48,170 --> 02:26:54,530
neither dined nor slept together but in

2796
02:26:52,189 --> 02:26:57,859
the autumn of 1724 Peter's health

2797
02:26:54,530 --> 02:27:01,880
suddenly got worse it continued to

2798
02:26:57,859 --> 02:27:04,270
ignore his doctor's advice now he would

2799
02:27:01,879 --> 02:27:04,269
pay the price

2800
02:27:05,620 --> 02:27:12,260
On January the 16th Peter was too ill to

2801
02:27:09,380 --> 02:27:14,270
leave his bed he called for the Empress

2802
02:27:12,261 --> 02:27:17,091
he talked for three hours

2803
02:27:14,271 --> 02:27:20,331
all that time Catherine knelt beside him

2804
02:27:17,091 --> 02:27:23,451
at last they made peace and forgave each

2805
02:27:20,331 --> 02:27:25,880
other the next day Peter was in

2806
02:27:23,450 --> 02:27:28,640
excruciating pain but the doctors could

2807
02:27:25,880 --> 02:27:30,950
provide no relief his screams echoed

2808
02:27:28,640 --> 02:27:34,940
through the palace Catherine did not

2809
02:27:30,950 --> 02:27:35,870
leave his bedside On January 22nd in

2810
02:27:34,940 --> 02:27:39,501
between fits

2811
02:27:35,870 --> 02:27:42,739
Peter confessed his sins five days later

2812
02:27:39,501 --> 02:27:44,121
he asked for a desk to write his will he

2813
02:27:42,739 --> 02:27:46,460
didn't know that in the next room

2814
02:27:44,120 --> 02:27:50,661
generals and Senators were discussing

2815
02:27:46,460 --> 02:27:53,800
the succession for many of them it was a

2816
02:27:50,661 --> 02:27:53,800
matter of life and death

2817
02:27:54,521 --> 02:28:01,041
1/2 Dukes Dolgoruky Ellison and Rhett

2818
02:27:58,460 --> 02:28:04,180
Neen were for the 10-year old Peter they

2819
02:28:01,040 --> 02:28:04,180
Prince Alexei son

2820
02:28:04,840 --> 02:28:09,760
the other half knew men like menshikov

2821
02:28:07,510 --> 02:28:12,309
and Tolstoy who'd led the investigation

2822
02:28:09,760 --> 02:28:15,010
against Prince Alexei feared his son

2823
02:28:12,309 --> 02:28:18,689
would seek to avenge his father he

2824
02:28:15,010 --> 02:28:18,689
wanted the Empress to take the throne

2825
02:28:18,809 --> 02:28:28,750
Peter wrote just two words give

2826
02:28:22,478 --> 02:28:30,670
everything and fainted at 4:00 a.m. the

2827
02:28:28,750 --> 02:28:33,068
Senate decided the throne must go to

2828
02:28:30,670 --> 02:28:35,619
Catherine she was still at the Tsar's

2829
02:28:33,068 --> 02:28:39,299
bedside at ten past five

2830
02:28:35,619 --> 02:28:39,300
he died in her arms

2831
02:28:43,090 --> 02:28:50,190
[Music]

2832
02:28:52,670 --> 02:29:05,370
[Music]

2833
02:29:02,420 --> 02:29:08,430
for the lowborn sir it sir to succeed

2834
02:29:05,370 --> 02:29:09,900
her husband caused a stir but nothing to

2835
02:29:08,430 --> 02:29:12,810
do with Peters rain could shock the

2836
02:29:09,899 --> 02:29:15,500
Russians anymore she would be Russia's

2837
02:29:12,810 --> 02:29:18,060
second female ruler in 30 years and

2838
02:29:15,500 --> 02:29:21,450
there was great sympathy for Catherine

2839
02:29:18,060 --> 02:29:23,119
her life was a fairy tale a housemaid

2840
02:29:21,450 --> 02:29:26,850
who'd captured the heart of a czar

2841
02:29:23,120 --> 02:29:49,720
become his Queen and Empress

2842
02:29:26,850 --> 02:29:53,649
[Music]

2843
02:29:49,719 --> 02:29:56,779
chapter 2 Catherine the first alexeyevna

2844
02:29:53,649 --> 02:29:56,779
[Music]

2845
02:29:56,850 --> 02:30:00,309
the Empress knew nothing about ruling

2846
02:29:59,590 --> 02:30:03,880
estate

2847
02:30:00,309 --> 02:30:05,559
she couldn't even read and write the

2848
02:30:03,879 --> 02:30:08,318
only thing she ever mastered was how to

2849
02:30:05,559 --> 02:30:09,969
sign her own name but that was enough to

2850
02:30:08,318 --> 02:30:12,430
authorize the founding of a Russian

2851
02:30:09,969 --> 02:30:15,728
Academy of Sciences as Peter had always

2852
02:30:12,430 --> 02:30:21,639
dreamed and to authorize be to sparing

2853
02:30:15,728 --> 02:30:23,679
x' expedition to the far east on the

2854
02:30:21,639 --> 02:30:26,260
whole catherine left the governing to

2855
02:30:23,680 --> 02:30:30,309
others and devoted herself to parties

2856
02:30:26,260 --> 02:30:35,068
and drinking she drank ferociously with

2857
02:30:30,309 --> 02:30:35,068
many lovers and danced till dawn

2858
02:30:38,329 --> 02:30:46,399
a typical day for the Empress began when

2859
02:30:43,670 --> 02:30:50,180
she rose from bed at 4 o'clock in the

2860
02:30:46,399 --> 02:30:52,850
afternoon she dined at 8 then took a

2861
02:30:50,180 --> 02:30:55,280
walk in the summer garden she usually

2862
02:30:52,850 --> 02:31:00,021
went to bed around 10 o'clock the next

2863
02:30:55,280 --> 02:31:02,120
morning the court was dominated by the

2864
02:31:00,021 --> 02:31:04,640
serene counter legs and ER daniela which

2865
02:31:02,120 --> 02:31:07,730
menshikov it was he who had first

2866
02:31:04,639 --> 02:31:10,609
introduced catherine to peter then he

2867
02:31:07,729 --> 02:31:13,459
had put her on the throne now he held

2868
02:31:10,610 --> 02:31:16,390
the reins of power he ruled through a

2869
02:31:13,459 --> 02:31:18,979
new body a supreme Privy Council

2870
02:31:16,389 --> 02:31:21,920
formally its role was to advise the

2871
02:31:18,979 --> 02:31:23,969
Empress but in reality it ran the

2872
02:31:21,920 --> 02:31:27,030
country

2873
02:31:23,969 --> 02:31:27,029
[Music]

2874
02:31:30,139 --> 02:31:35,159
Catherine didn't attend the council

2875
02:31:32,310 --> 02:31:37,110
meetings she had no interest she

2876
02:31:35,159 --> 02:31:39,810
listened to its reports but for no more

2877
02:31:37,110 --> 02:31:44,790
than half an hour any longer gave her a

2878
02:31:39,810 --> 02:31:46,590
headache the Empress is dissolute

2879
02:31:44,790 --> 02:31:49,920
lifestyle soon led to serious health

2880
02:31:46,590 --> 02:31:51,780
problems she put on weight and suffered

2881
02:31:49,920 --> 02:31:59,010
from kidney disease and a heightened

2882
02:31:51,780 --> 02:32:00,561
pulse it was plain to see that Catherine

2883
02:31:59,010 --> 02:32:03,149
would not live much longer

2884
02:32:00,560 --> 02:32:05,699
so menshikov began to plan for the

2885
02:32:03,149 --> 02:32:08,129
future persuading the Empress to sign a

2886
02:32:05,700 --> 02:32:10,740
will by which Prince Peter would inherit

2887
02:32:08,129 --> 02:32:15,329
the throne but only after he married

2888
02:32:10,739 --> 02:32:18,569
menshikov's daughter on May the 6th 1727

2889
02:32:15,329 --> 02:32:20,399
Catherine the first died she would be

2890
02:32:18,569 --> 02:32:23,069
remembered as a kind and marries a

2891
02:32:20,399 --> 02:32:25,279
Ritzer and a loyal companion of Peter

2892
02:32:23,069 --> 02:32:25,279
the Great

2893
02:32:27,271 --> 02:32:32,400
many had believed that without peter the

2894
02:32:29,550 --> 02:32:34,409
great's iron will Russia would revert to

2895
02:32:32,399 --> 02:32:38,460
being a second-rate power on the margins

2896
02:32:34,409 --> 02:32:42,649
of Europe but Peters reforms had created

2897
02:32:38,460 --> 02:32:42,649
an unstoppable momentum of their own

2898
02:32:43,531 --> 02:32:49,690
in st. Petersburg palaces were rising

2899
02:32:46,899 --> 02:32:51,990
along the shores of the Baltic gardens

2900
02:32:49,690 --> 02:32:54,551
were planted and wide boulevards paved

2901
02:32:51,990 --> 02:32:58,960
they were the first in Russia to be lit

2902
02:32:54,550 --> 02:33:01,510
by oil lamps cannon-armed Russian

2903
02:32:58,960 --> 02:33:04,240
warships stood out at sea while Russia

2904
02:33:01,511 --> 02:33:06,640
got its first printed newspaper via de

2905
02:33:04,240 --> 02:33:10,331
masti with a circulation of between two

2906
02:33:06,640 --> 02:33:12,341
hundred and four thousand merchants

2907
02:33:10,331 --> 02:33:15,790
goods travelled from San Petersburg to

2908
02:33:12,341 --> 02:33:17,771
Moscow along newly dug canals advanced

2909
02:33:15,790 --> 02:33:20,200
schools of artillery medicine and

2910
02:33:17,771 --> 02:33:22,990
navigation were opened and the Academy

2911
02:33:20,200 --> 02:33:25,240
of Science is established in the Urals

2912
02:33:22,990 --> 02:33:27,911
nine foundries produced seven million

2913
02:33:25,240 --> 02:33:31,210
pounds of cast iron a year and two

2914
02:33:27,911 --> 02:33:33,361
hundred thousand pounds of copper they

2915
02:33:31,210 --> 02:33:36,220
supplied Russia's new armaments industry

2916
02:33:33,361 --> 02:33:38,411
turning out muskets and cannon for what

2917
02:33:36,220 --> 02:33:41,550
was now one of the largest most powerful

2918
02:33:38,411 --> 02:33:41,550
armies in Europe

2919
02:33:42,250 --> 02:33:47,640
[Music]

2920
02:33:44,810 --> 02:33:50,911
Peter had dragged Russia from the Middle

2921
02:33:47,640 --> 02:33:52,649
Ages into the modern world but his new

2922
02:33:50,911 --> 02:33:54,931
state would now have to prove its

2923
02:33:52,649 --> 02:33:58,261
resilience and whether the storm of

2924
02:33:54,931 --> 02:34:00,091
dynastic crisis and intrigue it would be

2925
02:33:58,261 --> 02:34:05,451
40 years before there was another

2926
02:34:00,091 --> 02:34:05,451
Russian ruler to match Peter the Great

2927
02:34:12,680 --> 02:35:10,609
[Music]

2928
02:35:17,700 --> 02:35:22,899
the court of 18th century Imperial

2929
02:35:20,649 --> 02:35:26,280
Russia was a place of etiquette and

2930
02:35:22,899 --> 02:35:29,079
excess stunning bores and carnivals

2931
02:35:26,281 --> 02:35:32,940
jesters and fireworks

2932
02:35:29,079 --> 02:35:32,940
[Music]

2933
02:35:33,610 --> 02:35:38,500
most popular dance was the quadrille in

2934
02:35:36,399 --> 02:35:41,739
which the dancers constantly changed

2935
02:35:38,500 --> 02:35:45,310
their partners around these courtiers

2936
02:35:41,739 --> 02:35:47,229
spun a huge Russian Empire its rulers

2937
02:35:45,310 --> 02:35:49,440
coming and going like partners in the

2938
02:35:47,229 --> 02:35:49,439
dance

2939
02:35:49,620 --> 02:35:56,010
this was Russia's age of Palace

2940
02:35:53,200 --> 02:35:56,010
revolutions

2941
02:36:01,040 --> 02:36:08,620
[Music]

2942
02:36:11,570 --> 02:36:18,411
the year 1727 few years after the death

2943
02:36:16,081 --> 02:36:21,390
of Peter the Great

2944
02:36:18,411 --> 02:36:24,661
Peter had forged an empire through iron

2945
02:36:21,390 --> 02:36:27,421
will and firm rule without him it seemed

2946
02:36:24,661 --> 02:36:30,451
to have lost its purpose state revenue

2947
02:36:27,421 --> 02:36:33,181
was collapsing ships stood unfinished in

2948
02:36:30,450 --> 02:36:35,910
the shipyards the army lacked vital

2949
02:36:33,181 --> 02:36:38,631
equipment government bureaucracy was

2950
02:36:35,911 --> 02:36:38,630
riddled with corruption

2951
02:36:41,318 --> 02:36:47,028
supreme Privy Council ruled the state it

2952
02:36:44,930 --> 02:36:49,389
consisted of a handful of nobles and

2953
02:36:47,029 --> 02:36:55,238
chiefly looked after their own interests

2954
02:36:49,389 --> 02:36:55,238
and on the throne twelve-year-old boy

2955
02:36:56,939 --> 02:37:04,498
chapter 1 e 2 the second Alexeyevich e 2

2956
02:37:02,609 --> 02:37:06,930
the second was the son of Prince Alexei

2957
02:37:04,498 --> 02:37:09,449
and the German princess Sophie Charlotte

2958
02:37:06,930 --> 02:37:12,630
of brunswick-lüneburg making him the

2959
02:37:09,449 --> 02:37:15,239
grandson of Peter the Great his mother

2960
02:37:12,629 --> 02:37:18,238
died soon after childbirth his father

2961
02:37:15,238 --> 02:37:22,708
when he was just 2 his older sister

2962
02:37:18,238 --> 02:37:25,228
Natalia was his only close family Peter

2963
02:37:22,709 --> 02:37:27,779
seemed unlikely to inherit the throne as

2964
02:37:25,228 --> 02:37:31,038
Peter the Great had two other sons Peter

2965
02:37:27,779 --> 02:37:33,479
and Paul but they both died in infancy

2966
02:37:31,039 --> 02:37:39,239
making Peter the last male of the

2967
02:37:33,478 --> 02:37:41,639
Romanov dynasty glein Peter was born

2968
02:37:39,238 --> 02:37:44,430
into an environment devoid of love or

2969
02:37:41,639 --> 02:37:46,648
affection his parents cared little for

2970
02:37:44,430 --> 02:37:48,689
each other while his father lived in

2971
02:37:46,648 --> 02:37:49,578
terror of his grandfather Peter the

2972
02:37:48,689 --> 02:37:52,529
Great

2973
02:37:49,578 --> 02:37:56,398
indifferent nursemaids gave him wine to

2974
02:37:52,529 --> 02:37:58,979
stop him crying his tutors were not much

2975
02:37:56,398 --> 02:38:00,868
better he was taught some German and

2976
02:37:58,978 --> 02:38:05,448
Latin but that was the extent of his

2977
02:38:00,869 --> 02:38:05,449
learning even his Russian was bad

2978
02:38:07,369 --> 02:38:12,029
nevertheless by the age of seven he was

2979
02:38:10,529 --> 02:38:15,319
well acquainted with the lavish

2980
02:38:12,029 --> 02:38:15,319
entertainments of court

2981
02:38:17,540 --> 02:38:23,939
young Peter wasn't interested in the

2982
02:38:20,251 --> 02:38:25,970
army the Navy or science only in having

2983
02:38:23,940 --> 02:38:25,971
fun

2984
02:38:26,300 --> 02:38:32,189
it didn't worry those around him on the

2985
02:38:29,431 --> 02:38:35,041
contrary it served their interests they

2986
02:38:32,190 --> 02:38:37,711
wanted a czar they could control a czar

2987
02:38:35,040 --> 02:38:41,540
who was in their pocket it was only a

2988
02:38:37,710 --> 02:38:45,930
question of whose pocket he ended up in

2989
02:38:41,540 --> 02:38:47,850
when peter ii became emperor in 1727 he

2990
02:38:45,931 --> 02:38:50,371
was immediately taken under the wing of

2991
02:38:47,851 --> 02:38:53,190
his serene highness alexander danilevich

2992
02:38:50,370 --> 02:38:55,199
menshikov he'd been a close friend and

2993
02:38:53,190 --> 02:38:57,631
associate of Peter the Great and his

2994
02:38:55,200 --> 02:39:00,090
widow empress catherine the first who

2995
02:38:57,630 --> 02:39:03,050
was the most influential man in russia

2996
02:39:00,090 --> 02:39:05,390
[Music]

2997
02:39:03,050 --> 02:39:07,831
shortly before Catherine's death

2998
02:39:05,390 --> 02:39:10,409
menshikov had persuaded the Empress to

2999
02:39:07,831 --> 02:39:16,979
sign a will that made young Peter her

3000
02:39:10,409 --> 02:39:17,581
heir there was one condition on coming

3001
02:39:16,979 --> 02:39:19,529
of age

3002
02:39:17,581 --> 02:39:24,091
Peter was to marry menshikov's daughter

3003
02:39:19,530 --> 02:39:27,211
Maria then menshikov's control of the

3004
02:39:24,091 --> 02:39:29,341
young Tsar would be total of course no

3005
02:39:27,210 --> 02:39:30,289
one asked for Peters opinion on any of

3006
02:39:29,341 --> 02:39:33,838
this

3007
02:39:30,290 --> 02:39:33,839
[Music]

3008
02:39:35,750 --> 02:39:39,840
soon after his coronation the

3009
02:39:38,219 --> 02:39:42,510
twelve-year-old Peter found himself

3010
02:39:39,840 --> 02:39:45,239
engaged was 16 year old Maria Mancha

3011
02:39:42,510 --> 02:39:47,850
Cova the Emperor's bride received the

3012
02:39:45,239 --> 02:39:52,069
title Imperial Highness and an annual

3013
02:39:47,850 --> 02:39:52,069
allowance of thirty four thousand rubles

3014
02:39:53,389 --> 02:39:59,699
peter ii found his fiancee deeply

3015
02:39:56,670 --> 02:40:02,460
uninteresting in his letters he referred

3016
02:39:59,700 --> 02:40:07,560
to her as the stone statue or the

3017
02:40:02,459 --> 02:40:09,299
porcelain doll meanwhile menshikov moved

3018
02:40:07,559 --> 02:40:11,760
the young Tsar into his own sand

3019
02:40:09,299 --> 02:40:14,489
Petersburg palace to shield him from any

3020
02:40:11,760 --> 02:40:16,590
unwanted external influence and assigned

3021
02:40:14,489 --> 02:40:19,170
him a governor Baron Andrei Ivanovich

3022
02:40:16,590 --> 02:40:27,960
Osterman deputy minister of foreign

3023
02:40:19,170 --> 02:40:28,879
affairs but the Emperor's studies didn't

3024
02:40:27,959 --> 02:40:31,259
last long

3025
02:40:28,879 --> 02:40:34,139
Menshikov suddenly fell seriously ill

3026
02:40:31,260 --> 02:40:36,960
and in his absence Peter fell in with a

3027
02:40:34,139 --> 02:40:38,789
young rake even dull guru cough who

3028
02:40:36,959 --> 02:40:44,099
encouraged him to flee menshikov's

3029
02:40:38,790 --> 02:40:45,780
stifling supervision tsar quickly fell

3030
02:40:44,100 --> 02:40:48,149
under the influence of dal guru cough

3031
02:40:45,780 --> 02:40:50,700
and his powerful family who were bitter

3032
02:40:48,149 --> 02:40:52,920
rivals of Menshikov with their

3033
02:40:50,700 --> 02:40:55,320
encouragement he and his governor baron

3034
02:40:52,920 --> 02:40:58,260
Osterman moved out of menshikov's palace

3035
02:40:55,319 --> 02:41:00,360
and into the peterhof palace he also

3036
02:40:58,260 --> 02:41:03,750
broke off his engagement to Maryam and

3037
02:41:00,360 --> 02:41:06,090
she Cova soon a special commission found

3038
02:41:03,750 --> 02:41:08,790
Menshikov guilty of embezzling state

3039
02:41:06,090 --> 02:41:12,120
funds he was stripped of all his titles

3040
02:41:08,790 --> 02:41:14,940
honours estates and property and sent

3041
02:41:12,120 --> 02:41:17,150
with his family into internal exile in

3042
02:41:14,940 --> 02:41:17,149
Siberia

3043
02:41:17,600 --> 02:41:23,939
dal-gu coughs with the wily baron

3044
02:41:20,489 --> 02:41:26,459
Osterman now held the reins of power the

3045
02:41:23,939 --> 02:41:37,470
sovereign tsar peter was free to indulge

3046
02:41:26,459 --> 02:41:39,509
in his new favorite sport hunting unlike

3047
02:41:37,469 --> 02:41:42,059
his great-grandfather Alexei the first

3048
02:41:39,510 --> 02:41:44,340
who loved falconry Peter the second

3049
02:41:42,059 --> 02:41:47,159
hunted without any expertise or

3050
02:41:44,340 --> 02:41:50,159
knowledge it didn't matter to him how or

3051
02:41:47,159 --> 02:41:54,439
what he hunted what mattered was riding

3052
02:41:50,159 --> 02:41:54,439
fast and making a lot of noise

3053
02:42:04,228 --> 02:42:08,978
all this would have been entirely

3054
02:42:06,370 --> 02:42:13,300
natural for his age if it hadn't been

3055
02:42:08,978 --> 02:42:15,489
for his constant drinking sprees nobody

3056
02:42:13,299 --> 02:42:19,840
cared about his health except his sister

3057
02:42:15,489 --> 02:42:22,629
Natalia she was the only person who

3058
02:42:19,840 --> 02:42:28,109
truly loved the boy Emperor and tried to

3059
02:42:22,629 --> 02:42:32,978
stop him drinking but aged just 14

3060
02:42:28,109 --> 02:42:35,470
she died of tuberculosis with no one to

3061
02:42:32,978 --> 02:42:38,500
stop him Peter began regularly binge

3062
02:42:35,469 --> 02:42:40,688
drinking with his guards he was tall and

3063
02:42:38,500 --> 02:42:45,309
well-developed for his age and women

3064
02:42:40,689 --> 02:42:47,220
were also made available to him Peter

3065
02:42:45,309 --> 02:42:51,989
then fell in love with his aunt

3066
02:42:47,219 --> 02:42:51,989
Elizabeth daughter of Peter the Great

3067
02:42:55,500 --> 02:43:00,100
nobody was going to let Peter marry

3068
02:42:57,790 --> 02:43:02,260
Elizabeth first of all the church

3069
02:43:00,100 --> 02:43:05,590
prohibited marriages between such close

3070
02:43:02,260 --> 02:43:08,290
relatives second even dull guru cough

3071
02:43:05,590 --> 02:43:13,180
had already chosen a bride for him his

3072
02:43:08,290 --> 02:43:15,580
sister Catherine thus way the Emperor's

3073
02:43:13,180 --> 02:43:17,739
decision even provided proof that his

3074
02:43:15,579 --> 02:43:23,530
aunt Elizabeth was already in love with

3075
02:43:17,739 --> 02:43:25,329
an officer of the guards a hot-headed

3076
02:43:23,530 --> 02:43:27,520
teenager felt that Elizabeth had

3077
02:43:25,329 --> 02:43:29,139
betrayed him who made a point of turning

3078
02:43:27,520 --> 02:43:33,850
his attention to Catherine Dahl guru

3079
02:43:29,139 --> 02:43:36,189
kava once more the Tsar found himself

3080
02:43:33,850 --> 02:43:40,738
the pawn in other people's games

3081
02:43:36,190 --> 02:43:40,739
[Music]

3082
02:43:41,331 --> 02:43:46,950
while the court was absorbed in imperial

3083
02:43:44,159 --> 02:43:50,399
love matches the vast Russian Empire was

3084
02:43:46,950 --> 02:43:52,801
left virtually leaderless state finances

3085
02:43:50,399 --> 02:43:55,109
were in chaos the army was

3086
02:43:52,800 --> 02:44:02,520
disintegrating Russia's international

3087
02:43:55,110 --> 02:44:04,711
standing was in freefall European

3088
02:44:02,521 --> 02:44:07,320
ambassadors reported on the situation in

3089
02:44:04,710 --> 02:44:10,439
Russia it makes no sense to make an

3090
02:44:07,319 --> 02:44:12,751
alliance at this time Tsar thinks only

3091
02:44:10,440 --> 02:44:16,431
about his own amusement these officials

3092
02:44:12,751 --> 02:44:16,431
think only of how to ruin each other

3093
02:44:16,640 --> 02:44:22,859
everybody lives without a care it's

3094
02:44:20,671 --> 02:44:26,780
unclear how such a vast state can

3095
02:44:22,860 --> 02:44:26,780
maintain itself without any support

3096
02:44:27,739 --> 02:44:33,170
Russia's huge bureaucracy had been left

3097
02:44:30,470 --> 02:44:34,850
to fend for itself because the body that

3098
02:44:33,170 --> 02:44:39,079
was supposed to wield power in Russia

3099
02:44:34,851 --> 02:44:40,579
that effectively ceased to function the

3100
02:44:39,079 --> 02:44:42,860
Supreme Privy Council had been

3101
02:44:40,579 --> 02:44:45,351
established by Katherine the first to

3102
02:44:42,860 --> 02:44:48,710
help her rule the Empire or to be more

3103
02:44:45,351 --> 02:44:50,721
exact to rule it for her officially it

3104
02:44:48,709 --> 02:44:53,449
was only supposed to advise the monarch

3105
02:44:50,720 --> 02:44:59,779
but in reality it was now governing

3106
02:44:53,450 --> 02:45:02,690
russia during peter ii reign six Nobles

3107
02:44:59,780 --> 02:45:04,790
sat on the Supreme Council count gavrila

3108
02:45:02,690 --> 02:45:07,370
golovkin the guillotines

3109
02:45:04,790 --> 02:45:08,990
Prince Dmitry and Prince Mikhail the

3110
02:45:07,370 --> 02:45:11,860
dunkaroo coffs Prince Vasily

3111
02:45:08,989 --> 02:45:17,539
Vladimirovich and Vasili lukitch and

3112
02:45:11,860 --> 02:45:19,730
Baron Osterman Peter now 14 years old

3113
02:45:17,540 --> 02:45:21,980
had no idea about the problems his

3114
02:45:19,729 --> 02:45:23,770
country faced and the dagger drew coughs

3115
02:45:21,979 --> 02:45:26,899
did everything to keep it that way

3116
02:45:23,771 --> 02:45:31,010
the father Prince Alexei using his son

3117
02:45:26,899 --> 02:45:32,720
even to keep Peter distracted they

3118
02:45:31,010 --> 02:45:35,149
intended to make the Emperor their

3119
02:45:32,720 --> 02:45:37,100
puppet and turn the clock back by

3120
02:45:35,149 --> 02:45:41,119
undoing all peter the great's

3121
02:45:37,101 --> 02:45:43,659
modernizing reforms Peter had already

3122
02:45:41,120 --> 02:45:45,891
agreed to stop new naval construction

3123
02:45:43,659 --> 02:45:48,560
persuaded it was a waste of money and

3124
02:45:45,890 --> 02:45:51,140
moved the capital from San Petersburg

3125
02:45:48,560 --> 02:45:55,379
back to Moscow where the hunting was far

3126
02:45:51,140 --> 02:45:58,500
superior only a few steps remained

3127
02:45:55,379 --> 02:45:58,500
[Music]

3128
02:45:59,351 --> 02:46:05,480
in November 1728 the Emperor's

3129
02:46:02,989 --> 02:46:08,299
engagement to even sister Princess

3130
02:46:05,479 --> 02:46:11,479
Catherine doll guru kava was announced

3131
02:46:08,299 --> 02:46:11,479
[Music]

3132
02:46:13,899 --> 02:46:18,829
as Catherine arrived at the palace for

3133
02:46:16,640 --> 02:46:21,619
the official engagement the carriage

3134
02:46:18,829 --> 02:46:24,021
caught under a low gate in front of

3135
02:46:21,620 --> 02:46:27,771
guards and onlookers the gilded crown on

3136
02:46:24,021 --> 02:46:33,171
the carriage roof was torn off and fell

3137
02:46:27,771 --> 02:46:33,771
into the gutter in the weeks leading up

3138
02:46:33,171 --> 02:46:36,200
to the wedding

3139
02:46:33,771 --> 02:46:38,961
dal-gu Rokoff princes kept the emperor

3140
02:46:36,200 --> 02:46:40,610
constantly entertained best he had time

3141
02:46:38,960 --> 02:46:44,000
to reconsider his decision

3142
02:46:40,610 --> 02:46:44,450
On January 6th thirteen days before the

3143
02:46:44,000 --> 02:46:46,341
wedding

3144
02:46:44,450 --> 02:46:50,150
Peter went to the traditional blessing

3145
02:46:46,341 --> 02:46:51,851
of the Moscow River at the ceremony he

3146
02:46:50,149 --> 02:46:54,109
played the part of the chivalrous Knight

3147
02:46:51,851 --> 02:46:56,391
standing on the footboard of Princess

3148
02:46:54,110 --> 02:46:58,601
Catherine's carriage for hours in

3149
02:46:56,390 --> 02:47:04,600
freezing weather

3150
02:46:58,601 --> 02:47:07,120
next day he had a burning fever then he

3151
02:47:04,601 --> 02:47:11,450
was diagnosed with smallpox

3152
02:47:07,120 --> 02:47:11,450
[Music]

3153
02:47:12,750 --> 02:47:18,670
smallpox also known by its latin name

3154
02:47:15,610 --> 02:47:21,370
very oliveira had been present in europe

3155
02:47:18,670 --> 02:47:23,800
at a low level for a thousand years but

3156
02:47:21,370 --> 02:47:25,721
in the 18th century higher population

3157
02:47:23,800 --> 02:47:28,149
levels and the greater movement of

3158
02:47:25,720 --> 02:47:31,359
people across the continent caused it to

3159
02:47:28,149 --> 02:47:33,340
spread like wildfire smallpox victims

3160
02:47:31,360 --> 02:47:36,370
developed spots on their face and limbs

3161
02:47:33,340 --> 02:47:38,909
and the rich both men and women wore

3162
02:47:36,370 --> 02:47:41,561
heavy makeup to mask the scars they left

3163
02:47:38,909 --> 02:47:45,399
but it was more than just a cosmetic

3164
02:47:41,560 --> 02:47:47,379
issue smallpox was a killer in Europe

3165
02:47:45,399 --> 02:47:49,659
the virus infected more than half the

3166
02:47:47,379 --> 02:47:53,159
population about 80 million people

3167
02:47:49,659 --> 02:47:53,159
killing one in six

3168
02:47:53,431 --> 02:47:59,021
the Emperor's health had been ruined by

3169
02:47:56,021 --> 02:48:01,061
a dissolute lifestyle his fever and

3170
02:47:59,021 --> 02:48:04,261
weakened immune system allowed the

3171
02:48:01,060 --> 02:48:04,261
smallpox to progress quickly

3172
02:48:05,139 --> 02:48:11,239
in just one week it was clear Peter

3173
02:48:08,289 --> 02:48:14,360
would not survive

3174
02:48:11,239 --> 02:48:14,360
[Music]

3175
02:48:15,000 --> 02:48:21,000
dal-gu coughs were in despair

3176
02:48:18,959 --> 02:48:24,089
it looked as if all their efforts had

3177
02:48:21,000 --> 02:48:30,090
been in vain their grand schemes come to

3178
02:48:24,090 --> 02:48:32,389
nothing as the Emperor Lay Dying LeFort

3179
02:48:30,090 --> 02:48:35,100
off palace stood empty and silent

3180
02:48:32,389 --> 02:48:39,599
decorated for a wedding it would never

3181
02:48:35,100 --> 02:48:41,309
take place his dog Iruka friends

3182
02:48:39,600 --> 02:48:44,190
meanwhile were desperately looking for a

3183
02:48:41,309 --> 02:48:46,859
way to cling to power they decided to

3184
02:48:44,190 --> 02:48:48,930
make the emperor sign a will naming his

3185
02:48:46,860 --> 02:48:53,790
betrothed the Grand Duchess Catherine

3186
02:48:48,930 --> 02:48:55,979
doll guru cava as his successor if they

3187
02:48:53,790 --> 02:48:57,690
had succeeded the ruling house of Russia

3188
02:48:55,978 --> 02:49:02,239
would have passed from the house of

3189
02:48:57,690 --> 02:49:02,239
Romanov to the house of dagger gucoff

3190
02:49:02,750 --> 02:49:09,809
but the emperor was not able to sign the

3191
02:49:05,670 --> 02:49:12,750
will on January the 18th 1730 the eve of

3192
02:49:09,809 --> 02:49:15,439
his planned wedding he suddenly sat up

3193
02:49:12,750 --> 02:49:19,850
and ordered his sledge to be harnessed I

3194
02:49:15,440 --> 02:49:23,600
want to go and see my sister he said

3195
02:49:19,850 --> 02:49:23,600
they were his last words

3196
02:49:23,640 --> 02:49:27,199
he died the next day

3197
02:49:33,709 --> 02:49:38,789
the Supreme Privy Council reacted with

3198
02:49:36,689 --> 02:49:41,100
indignation to the idea of handing the

3199
02:49:38,790 --> 02:49:43,199
throne to the dunkaroo coffs the

3200
02:49:41,100 --> 02:49:46,229
Romanoff's were the ruling dynasty of

3201
02:49:43,199 --> 02:49:50,880
russia if the male line was broken they

3202
02:49:46,228 --> 02:49:52,648
would turn to the female line the female

3203
02:49:50,879 --> 02:49:54,329
line of the Romanoff's lived on through

3204
02:49:52,648 --> 02:49:56,250
the two daughters of Peter the Great

3205
02:49:54,329 --> 02:49:59,068
Anna and Elizabeth

3206
02:49:56,250 --> 02:50:01,529
they were also three daughters of even

3207
02:49:59,068 --> 02:50:04,409
the fifth Peters half-brother and joint

3208
02:50:01,529 --> 02:50:10,770
ruler who died young they were Catherine

3209
02:50:04,409 --> 02:50:11,850
Anna and plus Kavya Anna had married the

3210
02:50:10,770 --> 02:50:15,238
Duke of Holstein

3211
02:50:11,850 --> 02:50:17,670
in 1728 she bore him a son Karl Peter

3212
02:50:15,238 --> 02:50:21,059
Ulrich but she died soon after

3213
02:50:17,670 --> 02:50:22,680
childbirth Catherine had married the

3214
02:50:21,059 --> 02:50:24,478
Duke of Mecklenburg and had a

3215
02:50:22,680 --> 02:50:29,068
twelve-year-old daughter Elizabeth

3216
02:50:24,478 --> 02:50:30,090
Catarina Cristina Anna was the widow of

3217
02:50:29,068 --> 02:50:34,648
the Duke of Courland

3218
02:50:30,090 --> 02:50:38,659
and had no children Escoffier was

3219
02:50:34,648 --> 02:50:38,659
married to general dmitry heft mamonov

3220
02:50:39,648 --> 02:50:44,028
council discussed the suitability of the

3221
02:50:42,090 --> 02:50:47,210
candidates long into the night

3222
02:50:44,029 --> 02:50:50,010
finally at 6:00 a.m. they chose anna

3223
02:50:47,209 --> 02:50:53,009
duchess of Courland and daughter of Eve

3224
02:50:50,010 --> 02:50:56,460
and the fifth widowed at the age of 17

3225
02:50:53,010 --> 02:50:58,760
she lived in Yale Java the Auriga she

3226
02:50:56,459 --> 02:51:01,438
had no money and no allies in Moscow

3227
02:50:58,760 --> 02:51:03,359
blessed with neither great charm nor

3228
02:51:01,439 --> 02:51:09,960
intellect the council believed they

3229
02:51:03,359 --> 02:51:12,238
could soon bend her to their will to

3230
02:51:09,959 --> 02:51:14,459
avoid any surprises the council prepared

3231
02:51:12,238 --> 02:51:16,789
a list of conditions which Anna would

3232
02:51:14,459 --> 02:51:19,228
have to sign before sheet of the throne

3233
02:51:16,790 --> 02:51:21,180
according to these conditions the

3234
02:51:19,228 --> 02:51:24,750
Empress would not have the right to

3235
02:51:21,180 --> 02:51:28,409
declare war make treaties introduce new

3236
02:51:24,750 --> 02:51:30,139
taxes or spend state revenue make

3237
02:51:28,409 --> 02:51:33,568
promotions above the rank of colonel

3238
02:51:30,139 --> 02:51:37,680
give out land sentence Nobles to death

3239
02:51:33,568 --> 02:51:40,079
get married or appoint her successor all

3240
02:51:37,680 --> 02:51:42,920
these powers would reside in the Supreme

3241
02:51:40,079 --> 02:51:42,920
Privy Council

3242
02:51:43,170 --> 02:51:50,290
the Empress would have control only over

3243
02:51:46,270 --> 02:51:50,440
her own income and her palace guards

3244
02:51:50,290 --> 02:51:52,540
[Applause]

3245
02:51:50,440 --> 02:51:55,600
[Music]

3246
02:51:52,540 --> 02:51:58,000
on the morning of January 19 1730

3247
02:51:55,600 --> 02:52:02,559
the death of Peter the second was

3248
02:51:58,000 --> 02:52:04,809
announced publicly at the same time a

3249
02:52:02,559 --> 02:52:08,199
delegation set off from Moscow to see

3250
02:52:04,809 --> 02:52:11,469
Anna nine days later she signed the

3251
02:52:08,200 --> 02:52:15,790
conditions Russian autocracy had been

3252
02:52:11,469 --> 02:52:20,529
abolished in its place oligarchy the

3253
02:52:15,790 --> 02:52:22,450
rule of an elite view Anna arrived in

3254
02:52:20,530 --> 02:52:25,870
Moscow where she was greeted by her

3255
02:52:22,450 --> 02:52:27,700
guards the preobrazhenskiy regiment Anna

3256
02:52:25,870 --> 02:52:32,530
declared that she was to be their chief

3257
02:52:27,700 --> 02:52:34,360
spoke privately with the officers she

3258
02:52:32,530 --> 02:52:36,909
learned many interesting things from

3259
02:52:34,360 --> 02:52:39,069
these conversations she was told the

3260
02:52:36,909 --> 02:52:40,750
people of Moscow were outraged by the

3261
02:52:39,069 --> 02:52:42,819
conditions that had been imposed upon

3262
02:52:40,750 --> 02:52:47,440
her and that the Privy Council was

3263
02:52:42,819 --> 02:52:49,629
despised by many of the nobles just days

3264
02:52:47,440 --> 02:52:51,610
ago anna had been an impoverished

3265
02:52:49,629 --> 02:52:54,219
forgotten duchess in out-of-the-way

3266
02:52:51,610 --> 02:52:57,730
courland now she was within a stone's

3267
02:52:54,219 --> 02:52:58,939
throw of becoming Empress of Russia she

3268
02:52:57,729 --> 02:53:01,469
sensed her moment

3269
02:52:58,940 --> 02:53:03,540
[Music]

3270
02:53:01,469 --> 02:53:05,760
she gathered her guards and senior

3271
02:53:03,540 --> 02:53:08,580
Nobles in the palace hall and showed

3272
02:53:05,760 --> 02:53:11,809
them what she thought of the conditions

3273
02:53:08,579 --> 02:53:11,808
[Music]

3274
02:53:12,940 --> 02:53:22,640
chapter 2 Vanna

3275
02:53:15,260 --> 02:53:25,489
Ian Avner within a week the Supreme

3276
02:53:22,640 --> 02:53:27,859
Privy Council was dismissed within a

3277
02:53:25,489 --> 02:53:30,560
month Prince Alexei dal guru Cove and

3278
02:53:27,860 --> 02:53:33,079
his son even were exiled to the Siberian

3279
02:53:30,560 --> 02:53:36,199
town of berestov where their sworn enemy

3280
02:53:33,079 --> 02:53:38,209
Menshikov had died the year before the

3281
02:53:36,200 --> 02:53:39,740
day after becoming Empress and are

3282
02:53:38,209 --> 02:53:41,779
demanded to see all the items

3283
02:53:39,739 --> 02:53:44,479
confiscated from the famously wealthy

3284
02:53:41,780 --> 02:53:46,521
menshikov she picked out jewelry for

3285
02:53:44,479 --> 02:53:50,029
herself worth twenty three thousand

3286
02:53:46,521 --> 02:53:53,329
rubles 138 million today about four

3287
02:53:50,030 --> 02:53:55,601
million u.s. dollars she appointed a

3288
02:53:53,329 --> 02:53:58,459
Russian architect of Italian parentage

3289
02:53:55,601 --> 02:54:01,340
Bartolomeo rest rally to build two new

3290
02:53:58,459 --> 02:54:04,369
palaces for her a wooden winter palace

3291
02:54:01,340 --> 02:54:07,190
in the Kremlin and a stone summer palace

3292
02:54:04,370 --> 02:54:07,670
on the yowser river to help her settle

3293
02:54:07,190 --> 02:54:11,408
in

3294
02:54:07,670 --> 02:54:11,408
[Music]

3295
02:54:11,609 --> 02:54:17,470
anas German Chamberlain and Spearin

3296
02:54:14,590 --> 02:54:20,590
followed his mistress to Moscow he was

3297
02:54:17,469 --> 02:54:21,818
Anna's favorite and her lover the fact

3298
02:54:20,590 --> 02:54:25,270
that he was married with three children

3299
02:54:21,818 --> 02:54:27,430
didn't concern her Anna herself was the

3300
02:54:25,270 --> 02:54:29,738
secret mother of his youngest son

3301
02:54:27,430 --> 02:54:30,960
Karl amst which is why the boy was

3302
02:54:29,738 --> 02:54:34,170
brought to Moscow

3303
02:54:30,959 --> 02:54:34,169
[Music]

3304
02:54:35,760 --> 02:54:42,239
later they were joined by Byron's wife

3305
02:54:38,129 --> 02:54:44,849
and elder sons together they formed

3306
02:54:42,239 --> 02:54:50,189
Russia's and Orthodox new imperial

3307
02:54:44,850 --> 02:54:52,620
family the typical day fat Empress Anna

3308
02:54:50,189 --> 02:54:55,648
began at 8 a.m. when she took her coffee

3309
02:54:52,620 --> 02:54:58,770
she worked between 9 and 10 receiving

3310
02:54:55,648 --> 02:55:02,068
ministers and signing decrees then she

3311
02:54:58,770 --> 02:55:04,729
went riding with Viren and at noon she

3312
02:55:02,068 --> 02:55:08,789
had lunch with him his wife and children

3313
02:55:04,728 --> 02:55:12,769
then she went to bed for an hour rest of

3314
02:55:08,790 --> 02:55:12,770
the day was solely for her own amusement

3315
02:55:14,239 --> 02:55:19,529
Anna found many unusual ways to

3316
02:55:17,159 --> 02:55:24,239
entertain herself one of her favorite

3317
02:55:19,529 --> 02:55:26,189
was shooting crows this was why a loaded

3318
02:55:24,239 --> 02:55:34,379
musket was left by each of the palace

3319
02:55:26,189 --> 02:55:37,729
windows the impressed did you just shoot

3320
02:55:34,379 --> 02:55:40,259
Birds she also hunted bears with a spear

3321
02:55:37,728 --> 02:55:43,139
but there were also more sophisticated

3322
02:55:40,260 --> 02:55:46,139
entertainments at court Italian operas

3323
02:55:43,139 --> 02:55:51,358
and theatres in Hanna's reign the first

3324
02:55:46,139 --> 02:55:53,369
Russian dance school was founded but

3325
02:55:51,359 --> 02:55:55,500
nothing delighted the Empress quite as

3326
02:55:53,370 --> 02:56:02,160
much as watching her court jesters and

3327
02:55:55,500 --> 02:56:03,750
dwarfs fighting jesters first appeared

3328
02:56:02,159 --> 02:56:06,209
in Russia in the reign of Ivan the

3329
02:56:03,750 --> 02:56:07,978
Terrible a century later Alexei the

3330
02:56:06,209 --> 02:56:10,139
first right to play chess against his

3331
02:56:07,978 --> 02:56:13,349
own jester an acrimonious Hunchback

3332
02:56:10,139 --> 02:56:15,478
named alpha Tsar Peter the Great's

3333
02:56:13,350 --> 02:56:17,850
jesters included a former officer of the

3334
02:56:15,478 --> 02:56:20,010
preobrazhenskiy regiment even Bela craf

3335
02:56:17,850 --> 02:56:22,559
who advised the Tsar on serious issues

3336
02:56:20,010 --> 02:56:25,020
and a Jew who'd converted to

3337
02:56:22,559 --> 02:56:28,278
Christianity yonder Costa who debated

3338
02:56:25,020 --> 02:56:30,859
theology with the Tsar

3339
02:56:28,279 --> 02:56:33,140
the position of court jester flourished

3340
02:56:30,859 --> 02:56:34,899
during the reign of empress Anna now

3341
02:56:33,139 --> 02:56:37,278
there were more than ever

3342
02:56:34,898 --> 02:56:39,708
Ballack rep and Acosta were joined by

3343
02:56:37,279 --> 02:56:42,078
the Italian musician Pietro Petrillo and

3344
02:56:39,709 --> 02:56:45,168
noblemen who'd been demoted to jesters

3345
02:56:42,078 --> 02:56:48,128
Prince Nikita Falcon ski Prince Mikhail

3346
02:56:45,168 --> 02:56:50,959
galitsin and count Alexia practising a

3347
02:56:48,129 --> 02:56:54,140
troupe of entertainers also featured 10

3348
02:56:50,959 --> 02:56:58,479
dwarves one kalmyk woman and two event

3349
02:56:54,139 --> 02:56:58,478
women from Russia's easternmost regions

3350
02:56:58,959 --> 02:57:04,779
the Empress acquired a taste for exotic

3351
02:57:01,369 --> 02:57:07,998
and spectacular parties lavish banquets

3352
02:57:04,779 --> 02:57:12,078
masquerades and fireworks the only thing

3353
02:57:07,998 --> 02:57:13,639
she frowned on was drinking alcohol had

3354
02:57:12,078 --> 02:57:15,978
caused the early death of her young

3355
02:57:13,639 --> 02:57:17,568
husband the Duke of Courland after he

3356
02:57:15,978 --> 02:57:19,368
had tried to keep pace with Peter the

3357
02:57:17,568 --> 02:57:21,398
Great's drinking at their own wedding

3358
02:57:19,369 --> 02:57:24,020
celebration

3359
02:57:21,398 --> 02:57:25,908
the Empress created a ministerial

3360
02:57:24,020 --> 02:57:28,310
cabinet to handle the business of

3361
02:57:25,908 --> 02:57:29,628
government it was the Supreme Privy

3362
02:57:28,309 --> 02:57:33,680
Council in all but name

3363
02:57:29,629 --> 02:57:34,970
just with new faces only the wily Baron

3364
02:57:33,680 --> 02:57:37,369
Osterman kept his place

3365
02:57:34,969 --> 02:57:40,548
becoming the elder statesman of Anna's

3366
02:57:37,369 --> 02:57:44,600
government the Empress herself barely

3367
02:57:40,549 --> 02:57:47,119
followed affairs of state but beyond who

3368
02:57:44,600 --> 02:57:51,140
now held the title Duke of courland took

3369
02:57:47,119 --> 02:57:53,989
an active role in cabinet business one

3370
02:57:51,139 --> 02:57:57,858
cabinet minister Artemi velinski wrote

3371
02:57:53,988 --> 02:58:01,748
the Empress is a fool it's impossible to

3372
02:57:57,859 --> 02:58:06,129
get any decision from her Duke beer on

3373
02:58:01,748 --> 02:58:08,828
as he pleases for opposing beer on

3374
02:58:06,129 --> 02:58:13,389
velinski was charged with treason and

3375
02:58:08,828 --> 02:58:17,349
executed the very thought of a palace

3376
02:58:13,388 --> 02:58:19,088
revolution terrified Anna she had peter

3377
02:58:17,349 --> 02:58:22,049
the great's daughter elizabeth watched

3378
02:58:19,088 --> 02:58:24,998
to look for any hint of conspiracy and

3379
02:58:22,049 --> 02:58:27,729
she reestablished the secret Chancellery

3380
02:58:24,998 --> 02:58:30,638
of investigations founded by Peter but

3381
02:58:27,728 --> 02:58:32,738
abolished by his successor its role was

3382
02:58:30,638 --> 02:58:36,668
to sniff out any trace of political

3383
02:58:32,738 --> 02:58:41,338
dissent its agents were everywhere and

3384
02:58:36,668 --> 02:58:43,599
were rightly feared any careless word

3385
02:58:41,338 --> 02:58:53,259
particularly about the Empress could

3386
02:58:43,599 --> 02:58:54,959
lead to arrest and inevitably torture in

3387
02:58:53,259 --> 02:58:57,488
the course of Anna's 10-year reign

3388
02:58:54,959 --> 02:59:02,709
secret Chancellery arrested and tortured

3389
02:58:57,488 --> 02:59:06,998
about 28,000 suspects those 20,000 were

3390
02:59:02,709 --> 02:59:09,819
exiled to Siberia and Kamchatka 5000

3391
02:59:06,998 --> 02:59:14,939
went missing 2,000 died during torture

3392
02:59:09,818 --> 02:59:14,939
and more than 1,000 were executed

3393
02:59:16,250 --> 02:59:21,149
the Empress was suspicious of her guards

3394
02:59:19,200 --> 02:59:23,579
too especially the preobrazhenskiy

3395
02:59:21,149 --> 02:59:27,210
regiment they'd put her on the throne

3396
02:59:23,579 --> 02:59:29,909
they could depose her too so she created

3397
02:59:27,210 --> 02:59:33,600
a second guards regiment his mile off

3398
02:59:29,909 --> 02:59:35,280
ski the new regiments officers were

3399
02:59:33,601 --> 02:59:37,739
recruited from her native Duchy of

3400
02:59:35,280 --> 02:59:41,610
Courland and took over guard duty at the

3401
02:59:37,739 --> 02:59:47,069
palace preobrazhenskiy regiment was sent

3402
02:59:41,610 --> 02:59:49,290
to fight the Turks at Belgrade in 1739

3403
02:59:47,069 --> 02:59:51,060
the treaty was signed to end the

3404
02:59:49,290 --> 02:59:54,091
four-year conflict between Russia and

3405
02:59:51,060 --> 02:59:56,431
the Ottoman Empire under its terms as

3406
02:59:54,091 --> 02:59:59,671
off and parts of Ukraine became part of

3407
02:59:56,431 --> 03:00:02,131
Russia but Russian warships and merchant

3408
02:59:59,671 --> 03:00:06,300
ships were forbidden from sailing in the

3409
03:00:02,130 --> 03:00:09,229
Sea of Azov all the black sea the war

3410
03:00:06,300 --> 03:00:12,270
cost the Russian army about 46,000 man

3411
03:00:09,229 --> 03:00:14,761
only about six thousand or one in eight

3412
03:00:12,271 --> 03:00:17,190
of those men fell in battle the

3413
03:00:14,761 --> 03:00:24,659
remaining 40,000 died from disease

3414
03:00:17,190 --> 03:00:27,421
starvation and neglect Anna didn't

3415
03:00:24,659 --> 03:00:29,640
concern herself with these details she

3416
03:00:27,421 --> 03:00:31,890
was glad the war was over but her main

3417
03:00:29,640 --> 03:00:37,890
concern was moving the court from Moscow

3418
03:00:31,890 --> 03:00:41,399
back to San Petersburg in 1737 Moscow

3419
03:00:37,890 --> 03:00:44,341
had been devastated by a great fire the

3420
03:00:41,399 --> 03:00:46,921
Kremlin you take her at the surrounding

3421
03:00:44,341 --> 03:00:49,921
white town part of the earth town almost

3422
03:00:46,921 --> 03:00:52,829
all the modern city centre was burnt to

3423
03:00:49,921 --> 03:00:54,630
the ground at the time the great tsar

3424
03:00:52,829 --> 03:00:57,060
bell had been standing in the kremlin

3425
03:00:54,630 --> 03:00:59,579
foundry the scaffolding around it caught

3426
03:00:57,060 --> 03:01:01,770
fire when water was poured onto it a

3427
03:00:59,579 --> 03:01:04,000
bell burst from the sudden temperature

3428
03:01:01,771 --> 03:01:08,511
change

3429
03:01:04,000 --> 03:01:10,340
anas winter palace also burned down but

3430
03:01:08,511 --> 03:01:12,771
six months later the Empress was

3431
03:01:10,340 --> 03:01:15,590
celebrating her birthday in a new Winter

3432
03:01:12,771 --> 03:01:18,650
Palace built for her by Bartolomeo rest

3433
03:01:15,590 --> 03:01:20,899
rally in Saint Petersburg the state

3434
03:01:18,649 --> 03:01:23,119
apartments consisted of more than 100

3435
03:01:20,899 --> 03:01:28,909
rooms all of them decorated in the most

3436
03:01:23,120 --> 03:01:31,641
lavish style under Anna's reign

3437
03:01:28,909 --> 03:01:34,369
expenditure on the court reached 260

3438
03:01:31,640 --> 03:01:37,159
thousand rubles per year worth about 42

3439
03:01:34,370 --> 03:01:38,900
million dollars today running costs of

3440
03:01:37,159 --> 03:01:41,450
Duke beer on stables were a hundred

3441
03:01:38,899 --> 03:01:43,699
thousand rubles about 17 million dollars

3442
03:01:41,450 --> 03:01:45,771
while small-scale expenditures by the

3443
03:01:43,700 --> 03:01:47,721
Empress totaled forty two and a half

3444
03:01:45,771 --> 03:01:51,530
thousand rubles for seven million

3445
03:01:47,720 --> 03:01:53,539
dollars incredibly the Empress spent as

3446
03:01:51,530 --> 03:01:55,880
much on jewelry as it cost to maintain

3447
03:01:53,540 --> 03:01:58,250
the Academy of Sciences about forty

3448
03:01:55,879 --> 03:02:01,310
seven thousand rubles great million

3449
03:01:58,250 --> 03:02:03,860
dollars just a tenth of that some was

3450
03:02:01,310 --> 03:02:07,181
spent on public education a measly four

3451
03:02:03,860 --> 03:02:07,181
and a half thousand rubles

3452
03:02:10,239 --> 03:02:14,601
Anna's most decadent celebration was

3453
03:02:12,829 --> 03:02:18,010
held for the wedding of two of her court

3454
03:02:14,601 --> 03:02:21,430
jesters in a palace of ice

3455
03:02:18,010 --> 03:02:23,770
on Anna's whim the 53 year old Mikhail

3456
03:02:21,430 --> 03:02:26,909
galitsin was to marry a 20 year old

3457
03:02:23,770 --> 03:02:30,159
kalmo girl named Abdul shibuya Nineveh

3458
03:02:26,909 --> 03:02:36,670
the bill for the party came to 30,000

3459
03:02:30,159 --> 03:02:38,829
rubles a house of ice 17 metres long and

3460
03:02:36,670 --> 03:02:41,920
3 metres high was built between the

3461
03:02:38,829 --> 03:02:44,228
Admiralty and the Winter Palace six ice

3462
03:02:41,920 --> 03:02:47,318
cannon and two mortars stood by the

3463
03:02:44,228 --> 03:02:48,969
entrance by the gates there were ice

3464
03:02:47,318 --> 03:02:52,028
sculptures of elephants and dolphins

3465
03:02:48,969 --> 03:02:55,269
while everything inside the house even

3466
03:02:52,029 --> 03:02:55,600
the furniture was made of ice before the

3467
03:02:55,270 --> 03:02:57,550
wedding

3468
03:02:55,600 --> 03:02:59,318
a masked procession passed through the

3469
03:02:57,549 --> 03:03:02,079
city streets playing horns and Bal

3470
03:02:59,318 --> 03:03:04,778
iliacus it included representatives from

3471
03:03:02,079 --> 03:03:08,039
across the Empire Ukrainians from the

3472
03:03:04,779 --> 03:03:10,479
south and Nimitz from the far north

3473
03:03:08,040 --> 03:03:13,450
bride and groom traveled in a cage

3474
03:03:10,478 --> 03:03:15,309
mounted on top of an elephant and after

3475
03:03:13,450 --> 03:03:16,500
the wedding were left in the bedroom of

3476
03:03:15,309 --> 03:03:22,279
the Ice Palace

3477
03:03:16,500 --> 03:03:22,280
[Music]

3478
03:03:25,250 --> 03:03:32,500
the French ambassador Marquis de Lucia

3479
03:03:28,760 --> 03:03:32,500
tardy was one of the guests

3480
03:03:33,728 --> 03:03:37,298
only in this country is there such fun

3481
03:03:36,520 --> 03:03:39,399
to be had

3482
03:03:37,299 --> 03:03:42,219
the bride and groom were taken to an ice

3483
03:03:39,398 --> 03:03:43,809
house it was kept worn with straw the

3484
03:03:42,218 --> 03:03:46,898
light that shone in through the ice from

3485
03:03:43,809 --> 03:03:54,728
all sides was extraordinary all who saw

3486
03:03:46,898 --> 03:03:56,978
it were amazed one of the few not

3487
03:03:54,728 --> 03:04:00,188
enjoying themselves was the Empress's

3488
03:03:56,978 --> 03:04:03,838
beautiful cousin Princess Elizabeth now

3489
03:04:00,189 --> 03:04:03,838
treated with open suspicion

3490
03:04:04,009 --> 03:04:08,930
Princess Elizabeth was adored by the

3491
03:04:06,168 --> 03:04:11,209
gods she was godmother to their children

3492
03:04:08,930 --> 03:04:13,818
and lent some of the money but most

3493
03:04:11,209 --> 03:04:15,430
importantly she was peter the great's

3494
03:04:13,818 --> 03:04:20,769
daughter

3495
03:04:15,430 --> 03:04:20,770
[Music]

3496
03:04:20,889 --> 03:04:29,180
her popularity had become a threat to

3497
03:04:23,689 --> 03:04:30,800
Anna's plans for the succession Anna

3498
03:04:29,180 --> 03:04:33,729
wanted the throne to remain with her

3499
03:04:30,799 --> 03:04:36,349
father's line at aviv and the fifth

3500
03:04:33,728 --> 03:04:37,719
half-brother and joint ruler with peter

3501
03:04:36,350 --> 03:04:40,550
the great

3502
03:04:37,719 --> 03:04:42,708
so anna announced that her heir would be

3503
03:04:40,549 --> 03:04:46,340
the future son of her 14 year old niece

3504
03:04:42,709 --> 03:04:49,899
Elizabeth Katarina Kristina even though

3505
03:04:46,340 --> 03:04:49,898
at the time she wasn't even married

3506
03:04:50,049 --> 03:04:56,179
Elizabeth took the name anna leopoldovna

3507
03:04:52,689 --> 03:04:58,398
after converting to orthodoxy and a20

3508
03:04:56,180 --> 03:04:58,939
married the Duke of Brunswick Anton

3509
03:04:58,398 --> 03:05:02,840
Ulrich

3510
03:04:58,939 --> 03:05:09,559
someone to Russia for that purpose soon

3511
03:05:02,840 --> 03:05:11,359
the couple had a son yun Antonovich when

3512
03:05:09,559 --> 03:05:14,090
the new heir to the Russian throne was

3513
03:05:11,359 --> 03:05:17,709
just two months old in prasanna fell

3514
03:05:14,090 --> 03:05:17,709
seriously ill with kidney stones

3515
03:05:18,100 --> 03:05:24,050
[Music]

3516
03:05:19,539 --> 03:05:26,300
inflammation and infection set in just

3517
03:05:24,049 --> 03:05:31,688
two weeks after the first symptoms on

3518
03:05:26,299 --> 03:05:31,688
October 17 1740 Anna died

3519
03:05:34,260 --> 03:05:38,710
one of her last acts was to sign a

3520
03:05:36,879 --> 03:05:41,288
decree appointing a region for the

3521
03:05:38,709 --> 03:05:44,219
infant Emperor the Duke of Courland and

3522
03:05:41,289 --> 03:05:44,220
spear on

3523
03:05:44,600 --> 03:05:47,828
[Music]

3524
03:05:47,940 --> 03:05:54,659
Russian people felt no great loss of the

3525
03:05:50,790 --> 03:05:57,380
death of Empress Anna her reign would be

3526
03:05:54,659 --> 03:06:02,190
remembered for excess frivolity and

3527
03:05:57,379 --> 03:06:03,719
cruelty nevertheless it was Anna who

3528
03:06:02,190 --> 03:06:06,239
pushed forward the development of San

3529
03:06:03,719 --> 03:06:08,729
Petersburg many of its grandest and most

3530
03:06:06,239 --> 03:06:10,979
famous buildings including the Peter and

3531
03:06:08,729 --> 03:06:13,109
Paul Cathedral the Admiralty with its

3532
03:06:10,979 --> 03:06:15,209
high spire and the fountains of the

3533
03:06:13,110 --> 03:06:17,790
Peterhof Palace were completed in the

3534
03:06:15,209 --> 03:06:19,709
1730's under the supervision of the

3535
03:06:17,790 --> 03:06:26,220
Italian architects Rastrelli

3536
03:06:19,709 --> 03:06:28,379
and Rosalie Italian musical theater made

3537
03:06:26,219 --> 03:06:30,600
its first appearance in Russia while the

3538
03:06:28,379 --> 03:06:34,199
Academy of Sciences published a regular

3539
03:06:30,601 --> 03:06:38,810
newspaper some Petersburg news as well

3540
03:06:34,200 --> 03:06:38,811
as the first Russian scientific journals

3541
03:06:40,130 --> 03:06:44,421
elsewhere the foundations of Russian

3542
03:06:42,290 --> 03:06:48,010
literature were being laid by poets such

3543
03:06:44,421 --> 03:06:50,601
as Tretyakov ski and the young Lomonosov

3544
03:06:48,011 --> 03:06:53,030
the Empress herself of course was

3545
03:06:50,601 --> 03:06:55,159
interested only in much cruder forms of

3546
03:06:53,030 --> 03:06:57,891
entertainment she had neither the

3547
03:06:55,159 --> 03:07:00,470
intellect energy nor charisma to be an

3548
03:06:57,890 --> 03:07:03,040
effective ruler a position that after

3549
03:07:00,470 --> 03:07:06,199
all came to her almost by chance and

3550
03:07:03,040 --> 03:07:07,970
within two weeks of her death all the

3551
03:07:06,200 --> 03:07:12,251
plans she had laid for her succession

3552
03:07:07,970 --> 03:07:12,251
had collapsed like a house of cards

3553
03:07:13,879 --> 03:07:18,978
no one was satisfied by the appointment

3554
03:07:16,159 --> 03:07:22,700
of Anna's lover and Spearin as regent to

3555
03:07:18,978 --> 03:07:27,500
the infant Emperor even the sixth and so

3556
03:07:22,700 --> 03:07:30,680
the guards intervened again on the night

3557
03:07:27,500 --> 03:07:33,350
of November 9th 1740 Field Marshal Count

3558
03:07:30,680 --> 03:07:36,350
von Munich and 80 Guardsmen burst into

3559
03:07:33,350 --> 03:07:39,600
the Winter Palace he sealed the exits

3560
03:07:36,350 --> 03:07:42,809
and sent his adjutant to find beer on

3561
03:07:39,600 --> 03:07:42,809
[Music]

3562
03:07:44,760 --> 03:07:49,489
according to the adjutant's report Viren

3563
03:07:47,549 --> 03:07:52,170
was sleeping soundly when they arrived

3564
03:07:49,489 --> 03:07:54,600
when he was awoken he tried to hide

3565
03:07:52,170 --> 03:07:57,450
under the bed but the soldiers dragged

3566
03:07:54,600 --> 03:08:00,059
him out he struck out in an effort to

3567
03:07:57,450 --> 03:08:01,800
break free but the soldiers answered his

3568
03:08:00,059 --> 03:08:04,260
blows with musket butts

3569
03:08:01,799 --> 03:08:06,629
he was then stripped naked and tied up

3570
03:08:04,260 --> 03:08:08,250
and carried to the guardhouse where he

3571
03:08:06,629 --> 03:08:12,059
was loaded into the field marshals

3572
03:08:08,250 --> 03:08:14,129
waiting carriage he was carried out past

3573
03:08:12,059 --> 03:08:20,340
the very rooms in which Anna's coffin

3574
03:08:14,129 --> 03:08:23,728
was still lying by 6 a.m. the palace

3575
03:08:20,340 --> 03:08:26,728
coup was over Russia had a new Regent

3576
03:08:23,728 --> 03:08:29,909
the infant emperor's mother the 21 year

3577
03:08:26,728 --> 03:08:32,250
old anna leopoldovna rumored to be even

3578
03:08:29,909 --> 03:08:36,270
less intelligent than her aunt the late

3579
03:08:32,250 --> 03:08:40,889
Empress Anna was madly in love with a

3580
03:08:36,270 --> 03:08:42,810
Saxon diplomat named Kent lino Russian

3581
03:08:40,889 --> 03:08:44,909
Nobles feared they had another biron on

3582
03:08:42,809 --> 03:08:48,059
their hands when lino was given the post

3583
03:08:44,909 --> 03:08:50,189
of grand Chamberlain he then briefly

3584
03:08:48,059 --> 03:08:54,930
returned to Saxony to settle his affairs

3585
03:08:50,189 --> 03:08:57,470
at home but before he could return the

3586
03:08:54,930 --> 03:09:00,960
Russian throne changed hands once more

3587
03:08:57,469 --> 03:09:04,689
Peter the Great's daughter Elizabeth had

3588
03:09:00,959 --> 03:09:07,300
finally made her move

3589
03:09:04,690 --> 03:09:10,239
many people knew about the plot to put

3590
03:09:07,300 --> 03:09:12,841
Elizabeth on the throne who Diaz warned

3591
03:09:10,239 --> 03:09:16,511
and are about it every day

3592
03:09:12,841 --> 03:09:18,280
she paid little attention until finally

3593
03:09:16,511 --> 03:09:22,810
she decided to speak with Elizabeth

3594
03:09:18,280 --> 03:09:23,710
herself Elizabeth was her half cousin

3595
03:09:22,810 --> 03:09:29,199
once-removed

3596
03:09:23,709 --> 03:09:32,109
and ten years her senior meeting warned

3597
03:09:29,200 --> 03:09:35,409
Elizabeth that she was suspected she had

3598
03:09:32,110 --> 03:09:38,319
to act fast she summoned a few trusted

3599
03:09:35,409 --> 03:09:40,810
men donned a gilded breastplate over her

3600
03:09:38,319 --> 03:09:44,470
parade uniform and went to the barracks

3601
03:09:40,810 --> 03:09:47,351
of the preobrazhenskiy regiment you

3602
03:09:44,470 --> 03:09:51,341
remember whose daughter I am she cried

3603
03:09:47,351 --> 03:09:55,540
are you ready to die for me guards

3604
03:09:51,341 --> 03:09:57,310
responded with loud cheers Elizabeth led

3605
03:09:55,540 --> 03:09:59,110
them to the Winter Palace where the

3606
03:09:57,310 --> 03:10:01,140
guards also quickly switched their

3607
03:09:59,110 --> 03:10:01,141
allegiance

3608
03:10:02,931 --> 03:10:07,670
she entered the bedroom of anna

3609
03:10:04,550 --> 03:10:10,369
leopoldovna with the words sister it's

3610
03:10:07,670 --> 03:10:13,761
time to get up then she went to the

3611
03:10:10,370 --> 03:10:16,061
nursery of the infant emperor Yvonne she

3612
03:10:13,761 --> 03:10:19,819
ordered her men not to wake him

3613
03:10:16,060 --> 03:10:24,909
she took even in her arms kissed him and

3614
03:10:19,819 --> 03:10:24,909
said you're not to blame little one

3615
03:10:27,261 --> 03:10:32,931
nobody knew what to do with him

3616
03:10:29,740 --> 03:10:38,560
Elizabeth left the winter palace with

3617
03:10:32,931 --> 03:10:44,690
the child in her arms chapter three

3618
03:10:38,560 --> 03:10:47,290
Elizabeth Petrovna little even the sixth

3619
03:10:44,690 --> 03:10:50,271
became Russia's man in the iron mask

3620
03:10:47,290 --> 03:10:52,240
almost all his short tragic life was

3621
03:10:50,271 --> 03:10:55,581
spent in closely guarded confinement

3622
03:10:52,240 --> 03:10:58,161
first in ranan burg then in karma gory

3623
03:10:55,581 --> 03:11:00,560
and then in solitary confinement in the

3624
03:10:58,161 --> 03:11:04,581
shlisselburg fortress where he was held

3625
03:11:00,560 --> 03:11:06,560
as a prisoner with no name even spent

3626
03:11:04,581 --> 03:11:10,581
seven years in a cell with no natural

3627
03:11:06,560 --> 03:11:13,399
light with only the Bible to read at the

3628
03:11:10,581 --> 03:11:17,751
age of 24 he was murdered by his guards

3629
03:11:13,399 --> 03:11:19,190
during a failed rescue attempt his

3630
03:11:17,751 --> 03:11:21,681
parents spent the rest of their lives

3631
03:11:19,190 --> 03:11:24,291
under guard in kama gory far to the

3632
03:11:21,681 --> 03:11:29,301
north so that no one was ever tempted to

3633
03:11:24,290 --> 03:11:30,850
restore their family to the throne in

3634
03:11:29,300 --> 03:11:33,880
the aftermath of the palace revolution

3635
03:11:30,851 --> 03:11:36,201
even the sixth fate was not yet known

3636
03:11:33,880 --> 03:11:38,020
Elizabeth had many important decisions

3637
03:11:36,200 --> 03:11:40,100
to make

3638
03:11:38,021 --> 03:11:42,081
first she announced that she would

3639
03:11:40,101 --> 03:11:44,331
restore the laws and state bodies

3640
03:11:42,081 --> 03:11:48,201
established by her father Peter the

3641
03:11:44,331 --> 03:11:52,521
Great the Senate resumed its work as a

3642
03:11:48,200 --> 03:11:56,290
legislative and judicial body the

3643
03:11:52,521 --> 03:11:56,291
ministerial cabinet was dismissed

3644
03:11:57,750 --> 03:12:02,890
Elizabeth would learn to keep a close

3645
03:11:59,860 --> 03:12:05,891
eye on all her advisors who ensure none

3646
03:12:02,890 --> 03:12:11,319
grew too powerful or dared challenge her

3647
03:12:05,890 --> 03:12:13,600
authority during her magnificent

3648
03:12:11,319 --> 03:12:15,640
coronation Elizabeth became the first

3649
03:12:13,601 --> 03:12:19,520
Russian monarch to place the crown upon

3650
03:12:15,640 --> 03:12:21,539
her own head a moment rich in symbolism

3651
03:12:19,520 --> 03:12:23,771
[Music]

3652
03:12:21,540 --> 03:12:26,471
foreigners who'd helped Elizabeth gain

3653
03:12:23,771 --> 03:12:29,110
power hoping for special treatment were

3654
03:12:26,470 --> 03:12:31,569
disappointed the new Empress wasn't

3655
03:12:29,110 --> 03:12:34,360
going to dance to anyone else's tune on

3656
03:12:31,569 --> 03:12:36,069
one occasion her agents intercepted a

3657
03:12:34,360 --> 03:12:38,471
letter sent by her old friend

3658
03:12:36,069 --> 03:12:42,029
the French ambassador Marquis de Chatard

3659
03:12:38,470 --> 03:12:45,189
II the smallest matters terrify her

3660
03:12:42,030 --> 03:12:47,761
weakness and instability this is the

3661
03:12:45,190 --> 03:12:52,420
essence of all the Tsar it's as actions

3662
03:12:47,761 --> 03:12:55,238
Markey was sent home within 24 hours

3663
03:12:52,420 --> 03:12:58,600
the Empress never forgot who'd really

3664
03:12:55,238 --> 03:13:01,119
put her in power the guards now she

3665
03:12:58,600 --> 03:13:04,949
entrusted her life to them creating a

3666
03:13:01,120 --> 03:13:04,949
special unit to act as her bodyguard

3667
03:13:05,609 --> 03:13:11,680
leap company was an elite unit made up

3668
03:13:08,829 --> 03:13:14,039
of the 300 grenadiers and 64 officers

3669
03:13:11,680 --> 03:13:16,689
that had put Elizabeth on the throne

3670
03:13:14,040 --> 03:13:19,210
these men could do virtually whatever

3671
03:13:16,689 --> 03:13:22,270
they liked were made for terrible guards

3672
03:13:19,209 --> 03:13:25,629
often drinking on duty falling asleep

3673
03:13:22,270 --> 03:13:28,569
and even leaving their posts but the

3674
03:13:25,629 --> 03:13:30,188
empress excused them anything she

3675
03:13:28,568 --> 03:13:32,920
herself was the unit's commanding

3676
03:13:30,189 --> 03:13:34,870
officer its officers were her friends

3677
03:13:32,920 --> 03:13:37,180
and closest allies including the

3678
03:13:34,870 --> 03:13:43,090
brothers Peter and Alexander Suvorov and

3679
03:13:37,180 --> 03:13:45,279
her lover Alexei razumovsky Alexei

3680
03:13:43,090 --> 03:13:47,529
razumovsky held no political rank at all

3681
03:13:45,279 --> 03:13:50,158
but if he'd wanted he could have become

3682
03:13:47,529 --> 03:13:53,500
the most influential man in Russia

3683
03:13:50,158 --> 03:13:55,209
wielding power did not interest him he

3684
03:13:53,500 --> 03:13:57,209
was good-natured and entirely without

3685
03:13:55,209 --> 03:14:00,089
ambition

3686
03:13:57,209 --> 03:14:06,719
the Empress's happiness was his only

3687
03:14:00,090 --> 03:14:09,120
concern the son of a Cossack farmer from

3688
03:14:06,719 --> 03:14:11,789
northern Ukraine he had a fine singing

3689
03:14:09,120 --> 03:14:14,820
voice and was extremely handsome he

3690
03:14:11,790 --> 03:14:17,460
became Elizabeth's constant companion he

3691
03:14:14,819 --> 03:14:21,170
was cheerful calm and dependable and

3692
03:14:17,459 --> 03:14:21,169
they were devoted to each other

3693
03:14:25,728 --> 03:14:31,170
Rosa maaske gave Elizabeth a taste for

3694
03:14:28,469 --> 03:14:33,149
Ukrainian cuisine and her cooks prepared

3695
03:14:31,170 --> 03:14:36,530
borscht with garlic and dumplings for

3696
03:14:33,149 --> 03:14:36,529
her almost every day

3697
03:14:36,728 --> 03:14:42,639
the Empress liked to eat well and had

3698
03:14:39,279 --> 03:14:44,259
certain peculiar habits for example she

3699
03:14:42,639 --> 03:14:47,278
always had a radish with a glass of

3700
03:14:44,259 --> 03:14:51,968
vodka ate something fatty late at night

3701
03:14:47,279 --> 03:14:54,609
drank a lot of coffee a personal coffee

3702
03:14:51,968 --> 03:14:58,889
maker carl severs was obliged to follow

3703
03:14:54,609 --> 03:14:58,890
her everywhere to make coffee for her

3704
03:14:59,299 --> 03:15:04,648
the Empress adored sweet things too

3705
03:15:02,238 --> 03:15:07,439
confectioner's were hired from France

3706
03:15:04,648 --> 03:15:16,828
and Italy to create fantastic sculptures

3707
03:15:07,439 --> 03:15:19,139
from sugar and sponge like her mother

3708
03:15:16,828 --> 03:15:21,658
Catherine the first Elizabeth was a

3709
03:15:19,139 --> 03:15:24,868
night owl and stayed up long after the

3710
03:15:21,658 --> 03:15:27,779
balls had finished and there was always

3711
03:15:24,869 --> 03:15:34,949
the lingering fear of a nighttime palace

3712
03:15:27,779 --> 03:15:37,229
coup Elizabeth never slept in the same

3713
03:15:34,949 --> 03:15:40,078
room twice and her apartments were

3714
03:15:37,228 --> 03:15:41,929
constantly being altered new doors and

3715
03:15:40,078 --> 03:15:45,209
windows were cut through the walls

3716
03:15:41,930 --> 03:15:47,970
staircases were moved all measures to

3717
03:15:45,209 --> 03:15:50,469
create new escape routes and to confuse

3718
03:15:47,969 --> 03:15:54,819
any potential conspirators

3719
03:15:50,469 --> 03:15:58,489
[Music]

3720
03:15:54,819 --> 03:16:00,728
this deep fear was masked by a busy

3721
03:15:58,489 --> 03:16:05,139
schedule of court entertainments on

3722
03:16:00,728 --> 03:16:08,679
mondays music for dancing on wednesdays

3723
03:16:05,139 --> 03:16:15,228
Italian music on Tuesdays and Fridays

3724
03:16:08,680 --> 03:16:17,389
theatres Elizabeth loved balls and

3725
03:16:15,228 --> 03:16:19,879
masquerades and could happily dance

3726
03:16:17,389 --> 03:16:22,969
through the night she liked to devise

3727
03:16:19,879 --> 03:16:25,099
her own magical or comical themes for

3728
03:16:22,969 --> 03:16:28,849
instance making all the men come dressed

3729
03:16:25,100 --> 03:16:30,620
as women the women as men all the guests

3730
03:16:28,850 --> 03:16:33,829
would be made to look ridiculous

3731
03:16:30,620 --> 03:16:38,390
except Elizabeth herself whose shapely

3732
03:16:33,829 --> 03:16:40,789
legs were universally admired the

3733
03:16:38,389 --> 03:16:43,728
Empress was a great beauty but hugely

3734
03:16:40,790 --> 03:16:46,340
vain her courtiers were expected to pay

3735
03:16:43,728 --> 03:16:48,709
her endless compliments while ladies

3736
03:16:46,340 --> 03:16:52,909
feared to dress too well in case they

3737
03:16:48,709 --> 03:16:54,439
were thought to be competing with her to

3738
03:16:52,909 --> 03:16:56,840
ensure she was always the most

3739
03:16:54,440 --> 03:16:59,110
magnificently attired Elizabeth would

3740
03:16:56,840 --> 03:17:02,210
issue strict rules before a ball

3741
03:16:59,110 --> 03:17:06,050
stipulating certain colors or hairstyles

3742
03:17:02,209 --> 03:17:07,699
that only she was permitted to wear the

3743
03:17:06,049 --> 03:17:12,289
Empress's wardrobe was reported to

3744
03:17:07,700 --> 03:17:14,240
include no fewer than 15,000 dresses she

3745
03:17:12,290 --> 03:17:16,280
never wore a dress twice and sometimes

3746
03:17:14,239 --> 03:17:20,329
changed several times in a single

3747
03:17:16,280 --> 03:17:22,520
evening merchants importing expensive

3748
03:17:20,329 --> 03:17:24,860
textiles from abroad were obliged to

3749
03:17:22,520 --> 03:17:26,870
bring them to the Empress first so she

3750
03:17:24,860 --> 03:17:27,760
could select the finest fabrics for

3751
03:17:26,870 --> 03:17:37,560
herself

3752
03:17:27,760 --> 03:17:40,719
[Music]

3753
03:17:37,559 --> 03:17:43,090
the Rococo style was the latest fashion

3754
03:17:40,719 --> 03:17:45,188
in Europe which meant frilly shirts for

3755
03:17:43,090 --> 03:17:48,130
the men and for the women whalebone

3756
03:17:45,189 --> 03:17:51,600
corsets to create tiny waists and huge

3757
03:17:48,129 --> 03:17:53,920
skirts supported by Kane who petticoats

3758
03:17:51,600 --> 03:17:54,670
fantastically elaborate hairdos were all

3759
03:17:53,920 --> 03:17:57,100
the rage

3760
03:17:54,670 --> 03:17:59,920
some of them 60 centimetres high and

3761
03:17:57,100 --> 03:18:04,210
shaped to resemble fancy hats flower

3762
03:17:59,920 --> 03:18:06,430
beds or even ships and windmills small

3763
03:18:04,209 --> 03:18:09,158
flasks of water holding live flowers

3764
03:18:06,430 --> 03:18:11,289
were sometimes tied into the hair at

3765
03:18:09,158 --> 03:18:13,478
night it was recommended to cover such

3766
03:18:11,289 --> 03:18:18,489
constructions with a night cap to

3767
03:18:13,478 --> 03:18:21,188
prevent lice from crawling in impress

3768
03:18:18,488 --> 03:18:24,250
Elizabeth also demanded palaces to equal

3769
03:18:21,189 --> 03:18:26,229
anything in Austria or France this is

3770
03:18:24,250 --> 03:18:29,020
where the genius of Bartolomeo rest

3771
03:18:26,228 --> 03:18:31,538
rally came in the son of a famous

3772
03:18:29,020 --> 03:18:34,180
Italian sculptor Rastrelli moved to San

3773
03:18:31,539 --> 03:18:36,329
Petersburg as a teenager and his work

3774
03:18:34,180 --> 03:18:39,670
soon found favor with the Empress Anna

3775
03:18:36,328 --> 03:18:42,520
as senior court architect he was kept on

3776
03:18:39,670 --> 03:18:46,750
by Elizabeth and his projects became yet

3777
03:18:42,520 --> 03:18:49,449
more daring and grand his designs

3778
03:18:46,750 --> 03:18:53,408
included the new Winter Palace Smolny

3779
03:18:49,449 --> 03:18:56,739
Cathedral grand Peterhof Palace Anna

3780
03:18:53,408 --> 03:19:00,068
Saskia sello palace the cost was

3781
03:18:56,738 --> 03:19:03,118
astronomical the Palisades asked his

3782
03:19:00,068 --> 03:19:06,368
hello alone cost 1.6 million rubles

3783
03:19:03,119 --> 03:19:10,600
equivalent of about 270 million dollars

3784
03:19:06,369 --> 03:19:13,029
today this at a time when the Russian

3785
03:19:10,600 --> 03:19:17,289
economy was crippled by corruption and a

3786
03:19:13,029 --> 03:19:19,479
currency crisis Russians uncertain of

3787
03:19:17,289 --> 03:19:21,970
the future had begun to hoard more and

3788
03:19:19,478 --> 03:19:24,278
more currency

3789
03:19:21,969 --> 03:19:27,639
every year the state increased coin

3790
03:19:24,279 --> 03:19:32,170
production but they simply vanished into

3791
03:19:27,639 --> 03:19:34,748
the economy there were approximately 54

3792
03:19:32,170 --> 03:19:39,609
million coins in circulation but none of

3793
03:19:34,748 --> 03:19:41,799
them were circulating many industries

3794
03:19:39,609 --> 03:19:44,050
such as the extremely lucrative salt

3795
03:19:41,799 --> 03:19:46,898
trade were state sanctioned monopolies

3796
03:19:44,049 --> 03:19:50,429
run by influential officials and Friends

3797
03:19:46,898 --> 03:19:52,568
of the Empress like Peter Shuvalov

3798
03:19:50,430 --> 03:19:55,328
corruption had reached extraordinary

3799
03:19:52,568 --> 03:19:57,278
levels almost all of elizabeth's

3800
03:19:55,328 --> 03:20:00,969
ministers also received wages from

3801
03:19:57,279 --> 03:20:02,498
foreign countries whose taking payments

3802
03:20:00,969 --> 03:20:04,988
from foreign governments included the

3803
03:20:02,498 --> 03:20:07,930
Chancellor Alexei boss - Jeffrey omen

3804
03:20:04,988 --> 03:20:11,439
and the Vice Chancellor me Carver on

3805
03:20:07,930 --> 03:20:15,539
Soph it was once said over and soft that

3806
03:20:11,439 --> 03:20:20,139
he was on sale to the first bidder

3807
03:20:15,539 --> 03:20:21,640
the Empress needed foreign money - word

3808
03:20:20,139 --> 03:20:25,840
spread that she was willing to sign

3809
03:20:21,639 --> 03:20:28,059
conventions for subsidies these unequal

3810
03:20:25,840 --> 03:20:30,670
agreements Russia agreed to enter a war

3811
03:20:28,059 --> 03:20:34,118
on one side or another in exchange for

3812
03:20:30,670 --> 03:20:38,100
cash payments Russia had become in

3813
03:20:34,119 --> 03:20:38,100
effect a state for hire

3814
03:20:39,100 --> 03:20:44,439
one thing Elizabeth refused to sign was

3815
03:20:41,949 --> 03:20:46,209
any death warrant when she came to power

3816
03:20:44,439 --> 03:20:48,699
she'd sworn that she'd have no one

3817
03:20:46,209 --> 03:20:51,489
executed and was true to her word an

3818
03:20:48,699 --> 03:20:56,078
entire generation of noblemen grew up

3819
03:20:51,488 --> 03:20:58,328
without fear of the scaffold slowly but

3820
03:20:56,078 --> 03:21:00,850
surely the Russian economy began to

3821
03:20:58,328 --> 03:21:04,350
modernize the first banks opened

3822
03:21:00,850 --> 03:21:09,100
offering loans at six percent per annum

3823
03:21:04,350 --> 03:21:11,459
industry was expanding rapidly Russia

3824
03:21:09,100 --> 03:21:15,068
was producing two million pewds or

3825
03:21:11,459 --> 03:21:17,709
33,000 tons of cast iron a year half of

3826
03:21:15,068 --> 03:21:20,469
which was sold overseas the Russian

3827
03:21:17,709 --> 03:21:23,279
population was rising five million and a

3828
03:21:20,469 --> 03:21:23,278
quarter of a century

3829
03:21:28,068 --> 03:21:32,788
as she aged Elizabeth became

3830
03:21:30,809 --> 03:21:37,168
increasingly worried about losing her

3831
03:21:32,789 --> 03:21:39,350
looks she sought reassurance in the arms

3832
03:21:37,168 --> 03:21:44,430
of a court page 18 years her junior

3833
03:21:39,350 --> 03:21:49,068
named Ivan Shuvalov her infatuation with

3834
03:21:44,430 --> 03:21:49,068
this handsome youth soon turned to love

3835
03:21:49,450 --> 03:21:56,860
a former favorite razumovsky quickly

3836
03:21:53,560 --> 03:22:01,119
understood without scandal or acrimony

3837
03:21:56,860 --> 03:22:03,400
he quietly withdrew from court the new

3838
03:22:01,120 --> 03:22:06,460
favorite was much like the old calm

3839
03:22:03,399 --> 03:22:08,799
gentle and good-natured and absolutely

3840
03:22:06,459 --> 03:22:12,310
loyal to the Empress he asked for

3841
03:22:08,799 --> 03:22:15,279
neither money nor positions however

3842
03:22:12,310 --> 03:22:17,949
unlike razumovsky Suvorov was highly

3843
03:22:15,280 --> 03:22:20,561
educated he corresponded with the French

3844
03:22:17,950 --> 03:22:22,240
philosopher helvetius and was passionate

3845
03:22:20,560 --> 03:22:27,729
about improving the state of Russian

3846
03:22:22,239 --> 03:22:29,619
education thanks to his influence

3847
03:22:27,729 --> 03:22:31,750
Elizabeth authorized the founding of the

3848
03:22:29,620 --> 03:22:36,250
Russian Academy of Arts and Moscow

3849
03:22:31,750 --> 03:22:39,931
University but the life of the Mary

3850
03:22:36,250 --> 03:22:45,700
Empress was not all balls and parties

3851
03:22:39,931 --> 03:22:47,409
she had another passion foreign policy

3852
03:22:45,700 --> 03:22:50,770
[Music]

3853
03:22:47,409 --> 03:22:53,020
in the 1740s the warlike King Frederick

3854
03:22:50,770 --> 03:22:54,850
of Prussia was seeking to expand his

3855
03:22:53,020 --> 03:22:57,370
realm at the expense of his neighbors

3856
03:22:54,850 --> 03:23:01,300
and to establish Prussia as a great

3857
03:22:57,370 --> 03:23:03,640
power most of the other European powers

3858
03:23:01,299 --> 03:23:08,920
were determined to stop him and formed

3859
03:23:03,639 --> 03:23:11,049
themselves into an alliance driving

3860
03:23:08,920 --> 03:23:13,989
forces behind the Alliance were Maria

3861
03:23:11,049 --> 03:23:16,529
Theresa Empress of Austria Elisabeth

3862
03:23:13,989 --> 03:23:19,319
Empress of Russia and Madame pompadour

3863
03:23:16,530 --> 03:23:21,909
mistress of the King of France

3864
03:23:19,319 --> 03:23:24,489
Frederick famous for his low opinion of

3865
03:23:21,909 --> 03:23:26,648
women was nevertheless an intellectual

3866
03:23:24,489 --> 03:23:28,809
and a wit who nicknamed the alliance

3867
03:23:26,648 --> 03:23:33,340
against him League of the three

3868
03:23:28,809 --> 03:23:34,809
petticoats the three women had led their

3869
03:23:33,340 --> 03:23:38,139
countries into one of the greatest

3870
03:23:34,809 --> 03:23:43,420
conflicts in European history the Seven

3871
03:23:38,139 --> 03:23:47,459
Years War Russia joined the fray in 1757

3872
03:23:43,420 --> 03:23:49,930
launching an attack on East Prussia

3873
03:23:47,459 --> 03:23:52,569
after meeting the Russian army in battle

3874
03:23:49,930 --> 03:23:55,898
frederick declared to stop a Russian

3875
03:23:52,569 --> 03:23:59,430
soldier you need two bullets one to kill

3876
03:23:55,898 --> 03:23:59,430
him another to bring him down

3877
03:24:00,090 --> 03:24:04,840
following a decisive victory against the

3878
03:24:02,500 --> 03:24:06,809
Prussian army at kunis Dorf Russian

3879
03:24:04,840 --> 03:24:10,659
forces took control of Eastern Prussia

3880
03:24:06,809 --> 03:24:12,639
the following year 1760 Russian troops

3881
03:24:10,659 --> 03:24:15,369
briefly occupied Frederick's capital

3882
03:24:12,639 --> 03:24:19,029
Berlin the war seemed to be virtually

3883
03:24:15,370 --> 03:24:21,370
won but suddenly inexplicably military

3884
03:24:19,030 --> 03:24:24,390
operations were called to a halt

3885
03:24:21,370 --> 03:24:28,660
[Music]

3886
03:24:24,389 --> 03:24:31,898
on Christmas Eve 1761 Elizabeth had a

3887
03:24:28,659 --> 03:24:34,450
sudden sensation that she was dying all

3888
03:24:31,898 --> 03:24:38,019
her life the word death had terrified

3889
03:24:34,450 --> 03:24:41,020
her but now she was perfectly calm

3890
03:24:38,020 --> 03:24:43,420
she made her confession till communion

3891
03:24:41,020 --> 03:24:45,689
and bid farewell to relatives and

3892
03:24:43,420 --> 03:24:45,689
friends

3893
03:24:48,629 --> 03:24:54,420
she gave her last advice to her heir

3894
03:24:51,459 --> 03:25:01,949
Peter feodorovich and his wife Catherine

3895
03:24:54,420 --> 03:25:04,600
he friends on Christmas Day she died

3896
03:25:01,950 --> 03:25:07,899
Elizabeth was laid in her coffin wearing

3897
03:25:04,600 --> 03:25:11,040
a silver dress with lace sleeves golden

3898
03:25:07,898 --> 03:25:16,059
crown on her head beautiful and serene

3899
03:25:11,040 --> 03:25:18,880
as she had been in her youth but those

3900
03:25:16,059 --> 03:25:20,920
at the funeral were fixated instead on a

3901
03:25:18,879 --> 03:25:24,250
strange behavior of the new emperor

3902
03:25:20,920 --> 03:25:29,170
Peter the third he either walked too

3903
03:25:24,250 --> 03:25:30,818
slowly or ran laughed or grimaced it was

3904
03:25:29,170 --> 03:25:32,620
whispered that he'd already ordered

3905
03:25:30,818 --> 03:25:35,469
Russian troops out of Prussia and

3906
03:25:32,620 --> 03:25:38,770
offered his idol King Frederick peace

3907
03:25:35,469 --> 03:25:40,449
with no demands it didn't seem to matter

3908
03:25:38,770 --> 03:25:46,870
to him that thousands of Russian

3909
03:25:40,450 --> 03:25:48,819
soldiers would have died in vain there

3910
03:25:46,870 --> 03:25:52,420
were soon doubts about the new Emperor's

3911
03:25:48,818 --> 03:25:53,469
sanity and what he might do one thing

3912
03:25:52,420 --> 03:25:56,200
seemed certain

3913
03:25:53,469 --> 03:25:58,959
the endless parties the glamour and

3914
03:25:56,200 --> 03:26:01,590
frivolity of Elizabeth's court or a

3915
03:25:58,959 --> 03:26:01,589
thing of the past

3916
03:26:04,920 --> 03:26:10,719
but some already looked to Peter the

3917
03:26:08,139 --> 03:26:14,739
Third's young wife Catherine and

3918
03:26:10,719 --> 03:26:17,728
wondered if that glorious age could not

3919
03:26:14,739 --> 03:26:17,728
be reclaimed

3920
03:26:25,120 --> 03:26:28,459
[Music]

3921
03:26:31,149 --> 03:26:45,468
[Music]

3922
03:26:51,360 --> 03:26:54,599
[Music]

3923
03:26:57,600 --> 03:26:59,658
you